Technological monitoring of subgrade construction on high-temperature permafrost

Three stages of complex technological monitoring for the increase of high-temperature-permafrost soil bearing capacity are described. The feasibility of process monitoring to improve the targeted strength properties of subgrade bases on frozen soils is demonstrated. The rationale for the necessity of predictive modeling of freeze-thaw actions during the subgrade construction period is provided.     

西安地区软黄土工程地质特征和分布规律雏议

本文介绍了西安地区软黄土的物理力学性质,指出了以软黄土作地基土时所需要注意的主要工程地质问题,还介绍了如何识别软黄土的方法及软黄土在西安地区的分布规律。这对西安地区的工程地质勘察和对软黄土的研究具有一定的参考意义。     

Multiple‐slider surfaces bearing for seismic retrofitting of frame structures with soft first stories

A new isolation interface is proposed in this study to retrofit existing buildings with inadequate soft stories as well as new structures to be constructed with soft first story intended for architectural or functional purposes. The seismic interface is an assembly of bearings set in parallel on the top of the first story columns: the multiple‐slider bearings and rubber bearings. The multiple‐slider bearing is a simple sliding device consisting of one horizontal and two inclined plane sliding surfaces based on polytetrafluoroethylene and highly polished stainless steel interface at both ends set in series. A numerical example of a five‐story reinforced concrete shear frame with soft first story is considered and analyzed to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed isolation system in reducing the ductility demand and damage in the structure while maintaining the superstructure above the bearings to behave nearly in the elastic range with controlled bearing displacement. Comparative study with the conventional system as well as various isolation systems such as rubber bearing interface and resilient sliding isolation is carried out. Moreover, an optimum design procedure for the multiple‐slider bearing is proposed through the trade‐off between the maximum bearing displacement and the first story ductility demand ratio. The results of extensive numerical analysis verify the effectiveness of the multiple‐slider bearing in minimizing the damage from earthquake and protecting the soft first story from excessively large ductility demand. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

沿江软土地区深基坑工程实例研究

以丹东深基坑支护工程实例为背景,对沿江软土地区基坑支护工程的难点进行分析,介绍本次丹东水游城支护工程中使用咬合桩的原因,讲解钻孔咬合桩的优势特点、施工工艺,通过现场位移监测数据分析咬合桩的支护效果.     

Sedimentological and deformational criteria for discriminating subglaciofluvial deposits from subaqueous ice‐contact fan deposits: A Pleistocene example (Ireland)

A pit located near Ballyhorsey, 28 km south of Dublin (eastern Ireland), displays subglacially deposited glaciofluvial sediments passing upwards into proglacial subaqueous ice‐contact fan deposits. The coexistence of these two different depositional environments at the same location will help with differentiation between two very similar and easily confused glacial lithofacies. The lowermost sediments show aggrading subglacial deposits indicating a constrained accommodation space, mainly controlled by the position of an overlying ice roof during ice‐bed decoupling. These sediments are characterized by vertically stacked tills with large lenses of tabular to channelized sorted sediments. The sorted sediments consist of fine‐grained laminated facies, cross‐laminated sand and channelized gravels, and are interpreted as subglaciofluvial sediments deposited within a subglacial de‐coupled space. The subglaciofluvial sequence is characterized by glaciotectonic deformation structures within discrete beds, triggered by fluid overpressure and shear stress during episodes of ice/bed recoupling (clastic dykes and folds). The upper deposits correspond to the deposition of successive hyperpycnal flows in a proximal proglacial lake, forming a thick sedimentary wedge erosively overlying the subglacial deposits. Gravel facies and large‐scale trough bedding sand are observed within this proximal wedge, while normally graded sand beds with developed bedforms are observed further downflow. The building of the prograding ice‐contact subaqueous fan implies an unrestricted accommodation space and is associated with deformation structures related to gravity destabilization during fan spreading (normal faults). This study facilitates the recognition of subglacial/submarginal depositional environments formed, in part, during localized ice/bed coupling episodes in the sedimentary record. The sedimentary sequence exposed in Ballyhorsey permits characterization of the temporal framework of meltwater production during deglaciation, the impact on the subglacial drainage system and the consequences on the Irish Sea Ice Stream flow mechanisms.     

苏北盆地高邮凹陷深凹带古近系戴南组 软沉积物变形构造及沉积模式研究

软沉积物变形构造又称准同生变形构造,其发育特征、分布规律以及沉积模式等的研究对油气储层研究具有重要意义。研究区多个油田的岩芯观察中发现了同生微断层、液化岩脉、液化扭曲变形、砂枕构造、自碎角砾岩等多种软沉积物变形构造,并分析了形成各种软沉积物变形构造的不同应力环境和特征。通过软沉积物变形构造平面分布规律分析,认为软沉积物变形构造随着边界断层真2断层和汉留断层断层面倾角变大出现的频率越高,发育程度越强烈,因而研究区软沉积物变形构造的发育频率与高邮凹陷深凹带的边界断层的坡度有关,变形构造的产生和分布受到古地形的控制。并且该类变形构造在一定程度上改变了原始储层的物性和连通性。通过参考国内外的软沉积物变形构造成因模式,提出了研究区的软沉积物变形构造沉积模式,研究区软沉积物变形构造主要发育于边界断层形成的斜坡区附近,从剖面上可以分为上部浅水区、中部斜坡区和下部深水区三个区带。     

开闭式反循环钻头的结构设计与工作原理

由于煤层松软和破碎的缘故,松软突出煤层瓦斯抽放孔易垮塌,将导致钻孔成孔率低,瓦斯抽放通道易堵塞,影响了瓦斯抽采效率。为解决这些问题,设计了开闭式反循环钻头,并对其结构特点和工作原理进行分析。这种钻头结合了全程筛管下放和反循环钻进2种工艺的优势。通过降低对孔壁的二次破坏,提高了钻孔成孔率和成孔深度;通过全孔段下放筛管,防止孔壁垮塌堵塞瓦斯通道,提高了瓦斯抽放孔的利用率。介绍了该新型钻头的结构设计、工作原理和应用情况。     

深部急倾斜煤层偏压巷道支护参数优化研究

深部急倾斜煤层由于受特殊的地质结构和高地应力影响,煤层巷道开挖后易出现地层错动、垮塌的特点,施工中冒顶、底臌现象异常突出,巷道支护极其困难。通过对新集三矿-700 m煤探巷道进行现场勘查与试验,针对该急倾斜软岩巷道变形非对称性,底臌严重、地层错动的破坏特点,提出了可缩性U型钢全断面封闭支护和非对称性预应力锚杆(索)支护的全新支护方案,通过大型有限元软件ABAQUS建立数值分析模型,与原支护方案进行了对比分析。研究表明,采用改进支护方案巷道底臌位移量减小了66%,最大拉应力从0.58 MPa减小到0.38 MPa,塑性区较原方案更小,支护结构受力更加均匀。其结果可为同类地质条件的巷道支护设计提供一定参考。     

流变应力恢复法地应力测试及装置

深部软岩体应力测试难度大,尚无有效测试技术。对此,研制了一种适用于软岩体应力测试的三向压应力传感器,提出了相应的解算方法,并对传感器进行了标定试验、干扰试验和室内模型试验。标定试验结果表明,传感器的线性度、重复性等静态性能良好。当荷载不断增大时,传感器的测量误差先逐渐减小,直至为0,而后又逐渐增大,但误差基本上都在10%以内,说明传感器能较精确地测量量程范围内的应力大小。干扰试验结果表明,传感器3个传感面之间的相互干扰可以忽略不计。模型试验结果表明,随着加载次数的增加,传感器所感知的力越来越接近所施加的力,最后趋近于相等,进一步表明了该传感器基本满足工程实践要求。此外,初步探讨了传感器的优化设计方向等问题。     

泥化弱胶结软岩地层中矩形巷道的变形破坏过程分析

在西部地区,一定数量的矿区处于泥化弱胶结软岩地层,此类软岩胶结性差、强度低、遇水泥化。矩形是采区巷道的常用型式,但其断面受力不均、稳定性差。在上述软岩地层中的矩形巷道承载力低、变形量大、变形持续时间长,给煤矿的安全生产带来极大困难。以内蒙古新上海一号煤矿皮带顺槽矩形巷道为背景,运用FLAC3D软件中的Cvisc黏弹塑性模型,对矩形巷道的变形破坏进行了数值模拟,并将模拟结果与现场监测结果对比分析。结果表明:巷道开挖支护后,受断面形状影响,矩形巷道四角出现压应力集中和顶板受拉区,巷道顶板下沉量大,底板底臌严重,两帮向巷道挤出;受围岩岩性影响,围岩进入塑性的时间快短、范围大,塑性区超出了支护体的作用范围,造成锚杆(索)的锚固效果难以完全发挥,围岩出现整体滑动的现象;巷道变形呈现出流变变形的特性,变形量随时间持续增加,持续的蠕变变形超出了支护体的可控范围,最终引起巷道的失稳破坏。