Estimation of Uplift Capacity of Rapidly Loaded Plate Anchors in Soft Clay

Plate anchors are extensively used in civil engineering constructions as they provide an economical alternative to gravity and other embedded anchors. The rate of loading is one of the important factors that affects the magnitude of soil resistance as well as soil suction force. This article outlines the effect of pullout rate on uplift behavior of plate anchors (70 mm diameter) buried in soft saturated clay by varying the pullout rate from 1.4 mm/min to 21.0 mm/min. The variation of breakout force and suction force with embedment depth and rate of pull are presented. A correlation between the rate of increase of undrained strength of clay and anchor capacity with rate of strain has been established. Finally an empirical equation has been proposed that includes the rate of pull in the estimation of breakout capacity of anchors.     

Sample Disturbance in Soft and Sensitive Clays: Analysis and Assessment

Despite the sophisticated methods employed to obtain high quality samples, they are prone to disturbance, due to stress release, let apart, due to sampling tools and techniques adopted. Critical reappraisal of different methods suggest that any method of sample quality assessment involving strength and deformation parameters would enable easier implementation and correct other engineering parameters for estimated sample disturbance. In this technical paper, sample disturbance index, using merely the slopes of compression paths, (representing mechanical response), in the pre- and post-yield stress regimes under odeometric loading conditions is proposed. This method is based on single oedometer test results on samples of unknown degrees of disturbance during sampling and handling. The unique feature of this approach is that the ideal rigid plastic material behavior is taken as reference. This eliminates the need for any additional experimental data or any calculations from the relationships formulated with any set of assumptions.     

Abundance of the introduced seastar, Asterias amurensis, and spatial variability in soft sediment assemblages in SE Tasmania: Clear correlations but complex interpretation

The northern Pacific seastar, Asterias amurensis, was first collected in southeast Tasmania in 1986. Mistaken for the endemic asteroid Uniophora granifera, its true identity was not realised until 1992. It is now a conspicuous predator in soft sediment habitats in this region, and is considered a major threat to native assemblages and commercial species. We examined the structure of soft sediment assemblages at different spatial scales in southeast Tasmania, and correlated spatial variation in community composition with seastar abundances. We found that the structure of soft sediment assemblages is highly variable at a range of spatial scales from metres to tens of kilometres. Clear differences in the composition of assemblages and abundances of major taxa were detected between areas with and without seastars and between areas with low and high seastar densities. However, the nature of these patterns suggests that they are more likely due to differences in sediment characteristics than due to impacts of the seastar. Thus, spatial differences in soft sediment assemblages might have been erroneously attributed to seastars without detailed information on important physical factors such as sediment characteristics. A second survey, using larger sampling units (1 m²) but across a more limited spatial extent, targeted bivalves and heart urchins that were identified as important prey of the seastar in observations of feeding and in experimental studies. Large-scale patterns of abundance and size structure were consistent with seastar effects anticipated from small-scale experimental and feeding studies for some, but not all, species. While the field survey ultimately provided evidence about the presence or absence of seastar impacts at large-scales, the identification of key ecological variables in experimental and feeding studies proved crucial to both the design and interpretation of patterns observed in the large-scale surveys. Overall, this work highlighted the necessity to consider multiple lines of evidence rather than relying on a single ‘inferential’ test, in the absence of pre-impact data.     

TesTrack随钻测压工具在XX油田K14井的应用

地层压力测试是测井作业非常重要的环节,在研究地层压力剖面、判断流体性质、划分气、油、水流体界面、估算地层渗透率、预测地层产能等方面发挥着举足轻重的作用。BakerHughes公司的TesTrack随钻测压工具在XX油田首次应用,分析了该工具的特点及其应用效果,对该工具的推广应用具有重要的参考和借鉴意义。     

济南十大泉群特征、形成模式及水循环差异性浅析

为了全面系统地认识济南十大泉群,文章采用对比分析法揭示十大泉群分布、流量、景观及水质特征,通过水文地质结构精细刻画与泉水排泄条件分析,进一步明确十大泉群成因差异性,归纳泉水形成模式,揭示十大泉群水循环的差异性。结果表明：十大泉群基本特征可大致分为两类,即排泄区6个泉群均为上升泉、南部补给区4个泉群均为下降泉;十大泉群形成模式可划分为五类,即构造凸起—灰岩“天窗”成泉、构造凸起—裂隙连通成泉、浅埋多层砂层与高渗透黏土导通成泉、断裂切割成泉和侵蚀溢流成泉模式;宏观上济南十大泉群水循环受北倾单斜构造控制,其输入条件、输导系统和输出方式差异较小;微观上6个承压型泉群泉水输出方式差异性明显,其灰岩覆盖层类型、厚度、渗透性及灰岩顶板埋深差别较大,导致泉水出流形态、流量及水质不同,形成各自独特的景观。岩溶泉水微观成因的详细研究可为济南十大泉群分类保护提供重要地质依据。     

Unconsolidated sediment distribution patterns in the KwaZulu-Natal Bight,South Africa: the role of wave ravinement in separating relict versus active sediment populations

This paper examines the distribution of unconsolidated sediment in the KwaZulu-Natal Bight located along the east coast of South Africa. Results show that there is a general shelf-wide sediment distribution of coarser grain sizes between depths of 60 and 100?m, punctuated by a broad swathe of mud offshore of the Thukela River. Seasonal changes in sediment distribution patterns are small, being restricted to seaward fining on the inner shelf off the fluvial sources. Sediment distribution reflects a partitioning between sediment populations that are current- influenced and relict (palimpsest) populations associated with submerged shorelines. Wave ravinement during the deglacial transgression, the reworking of submerged shorelines during sea-level stillstands and, to a lesser extent, the Agulhas Current system, are the dominant controls on sediment distribution.     

山东郯城麦坡中更新世地震事件记录*

山东郯城麦坡被命名为典型地震活动断层遗址,其最醒目的标志是郯庐断裂带主干断层(F₂)东盘的紫灰色下白垩统逆冲到断层西盘的红棕色第四系之上且界线截然。野外调查和试验分析表明,郯城麦坡第四系于泉组中发育液化砂涌管、液化砂脉、震裂缝充填构造和同沉积断层等地震引发的软沉积物变形构造——地震事件记录。根据软沉积物变形构造的砂质黏土光释光测年分析,推断这些软沉积物变形构造所记录的地震事件属郯庐断裂带主干断层F₂在中更新世晚期发生的强构造与地震活动。这些地震事件记录为研究郯庐断裂带新构造运动与地震活动提供了新资料,也丰富了该地震活动断层遗址的内涵。     

都江堰市五里坡高位滑坡-碎屑流成因机制分析

2013年7月10日发生的四川省都江堰市中兴镇三溪村五里坡滑坡-碎屑流,属于典型的降雨型高位斜向层状岩质滑坡-碎屑流灾害。在前人研究成果梳理和进一步野外调查的基础上,分析总结了五里坡滑坡-碎屑流的成因及演化模式,并对五里坡高位滑坡在降雨作用下的后缘裂隙扩展判据和滑坡启动判据进行了定量计算。研究表明,五里坡滑坡的演化模式为后缘拉张裂隙形成→降雨作用下裂缝开始扩展→动、静水压力联合作用下斜坡沿泥质软弱层滑动→后缘拉裂槽形成→“7?10”强降雨诱发滑坡复活→滑体前缘临空崩落、加速→崩滑体沿沟谷铲刮、运移→堆积停止。从力学角度推导了前期降雨作用下滑体后缘裂缝自动扩展的最小深度、滑坡失稳的临界水头高度和临界降雨强度的计算公式,得出充满水的后缘裂缝在静水压力作用下开始自行扩展的临界深度为11.3 m;后缘裂隙贯通至滑带后,当五里坡斜坡体在后缘裂缝水头高度达到9.8 m时滑坡处于启动的临界状态。     

空气潜孔锤钻进技术在舜皇山基岩地热深井的应用

空气潜孔锤钻进技术不仅可以提高钻探效率,而且不损害地热储层,因此在地热井中的应用十分广泛,但是仍受到钻探深度和出水量的限制。在湖南永州舜皇山基岩地热深井钻探过程中,常规牙轮钻进与泥浆钻进工艺存在钻进效率低、堵塞储层、影响出水量的可能。应用空气潜孔锤钻进技术实现了钻探深度的突破,钻探深度达到1820 m,实际出水量400 m³/d,出水温度43 ℃,符合设计指标。本文总结了相应的钻进工艺措施,以期促进对该技术在地热深井中的推广应用。     

培养液更换对萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)休眠卵形成的影响

在种群累积培养状态下研究了培养液更换对萼花臂尾轮虫（ Ｂｒａｃｈｉｏｎｕｓ ｃａｌｙｃｉｆｌｏｒｕｓ）休眠卵形成的影响,结果表明,在培养液不予更换的情况下,萼花臂尾轮虫休眠卵的产量和形成效率分别为 ７２４ ３３３３± ４０． ５２５７ｉｎｄ（６ｄ．２０ｍＬ）－１和 ６ ．０３６１± ０． ３３７７ｉｎｄ（５ × １０６ ｃｅｌｌｓ）－１（ａｌ－ｇａｅ ｄｉｅｔ）与之相比,当培养液每 ２天更换一次时,其休眠卵的产量和形成效率分别下降至６３７．３３３３±１６． ８０２８ｉｎｄ．（６ｄ·２０ｍＬ）－１和５ ．３１１１±０ ．１４００ｉｎｄ（５×１０６ｃｅｌｌｓ）－１（ａｌｇａｅ　ｄｉｅｔ）．随着培养液更换频率增大至每天一次时,其休眠卵的产量和形成效率下降的幅度进一步增大培养液更换对轮虫种群中的混交雌体百分率和混交雌体受精率无显著的影响,最后探讨了培养液更换对萼花臂尾轮虫休眠卵形成影响的机理．