不同钠吸附比含水介质中胶体迁移-沉积动力学

以滨海含水介质中天然胶体为研究对象,采用自行设计的室内土柱装置,研究不同钠吸附比胶体在滨海含水介质中迁移动态特征,测定了胶体沉积动力学曲线,计算了胶体总沉积率和沉积速率常数,最后对胶体迁移沉积机理进行了探讨。研究结果表明,胶体的穿透曲线与示踪离子相比,存在一个临界孔隙体积数(临界点),在临界点之前胶体的迁移速度大于示踪离子,之后则相反;胶体未发生完全穿透,钠吸附比SAR为0,2.85和∞;出水胶体最大相对浓度为0.65,0.16和0.70;胶体在含水介质迁移过程中发生了沉积,沉积量随孔隙体积数的增加而增加。胶体在含水介质中迁移的总沉积率分别为50.96%、87.95%和54.24%。钠吸附比SAR=2.85时沉积动态曲线为直线,沉积速率常数为0.151h-1,而钠吸附比SAR为0和∞时胶体沉积动态曲线为分段直线,拐点前后胶体沉积速率常数分别为0.072 h-1、0.048h-1和0.211 h-1、0.194 h-1。研究结果用双电子层理论可以很好地解释。     

水玻璃固化硫酸盐渍土强度特性及固化机制研究

盐渍土化学固化法是解决盐渍土盐胀、溶陷和腐蚀等不良工程问题的有效方法之一。通过无侧限抗压强度试验、X射线衍射试验、化学成分分析和扫描电镜试验研究了石灰粉、煤灰、水玻璃联合固化硫酸盐渍土的强度特征,分析探讨了其固化机制。试验结果表明：石灰含量小于8%时,石灰、粉煤灰、水玻璃联合固化硫酸盐渍土的抗压和抗剪强度较石灰粉煤灰固化土有大幅度提升,固化土强度随水玻璃浓度几乎呈线性增长。水玻璃固化硫酸盐渍土强度增加的机制在于：水玻璃的碱激发粉煤灰作用和水玻璃与盐渍土中化学成分的吸附作用所生成各类凝胶的填充和包裹,使得骨架颗粒的接触面积增大,颗粒之间的孔隙逐步减小,骨架颗粒由点接触变为面接触,固化盐渍土通过凝胶而黏结成为一个紧密的空间网状整体结构,土体强度得以提高。同时,复杂的物理化学作用大幅度降低了固化盐渍土中 含量,有效地抑制了硫酸盐渍土的盐胀特性。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定铝土矿中镓——酸溶和碱熔预处理方法比较

研究了盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸酸溶和氢氧化钠碱熔两种测定铝土矿石样品中镓的前处理方法,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)进行测定。对熔矿试剂及条件、分析谱线的选择和元素的干扰进行了讨论,采用不同含量的铝土矿石国家标准物质样品进行了条件实验。分析结果表明:采用盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸溶解样品,会导致铝土矿石样品溶解不完全,得到的数据失真;而采用氢氧化钠碱熔法处理铝土矿石样品后,用ICP-AES法测定,镓的测定值准确度高,方法检出限为0.15μg/g,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)为2.51%～5.97%,回收率为94.8%～108.2%。该方法灵敏度高,精密度好,分析时间短,易于流程操作。方法经国家一级标准物质分析验证,测定结果与标准值相符,特别适用于铝土矿石样品中镓的测定。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定含刚玉的铝土矿中硅铝铁钛

铝土矿具有较强的化学稳定性,常含有少量刚玉,属于比较难处理的样品。常用的四酸溶解法对不含刚玉的铝土矿能取得较好的效果,但对高铝及含刚玉的样品分解不完全且无法同时测定硅。本文对含刚玉的铝土矿样品在镍坩埚中用氢氧化钠-过氧化钠熔融,盐酸酸化后用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定硅铝铁钛四种元素。对氢氧化钠-过氧化钠的熔样效果、过氧化钠用量、熔样温度、共存离子的影响及基体干扰进行了试验,结果表明,加入3.0 g氢氧化钠和1.0 g过氧化钠在650~700℃保温10 min,能较好地熔解含少量刚玉的铝土矿样品。利用铝土矿标准物质制备标准溶液,可消除镍坩埚和熔融试剂产生的镍盐和钠盐基体对硅铝铁钛测定的干扰。方法检出限为0.0025%~0.063%,精密度小于4%。铝土矿国家标准物质的测定值与标准值相符,实际样品的测定值与其他分析方法的测定值相吻合。本方法样品分解完全,消解时间短,分析步骤简单,适用于高铝及含少量刚玉的铝土矿样品分析。     

Occurrence and characteristics of sporadic sodium layer observed by lidar at a mid-latitude location

Na lidar observations of SSL during the past 5 years at a mid-latitude location (Wuhan, China, 31°N, 114°E) are reported in this paper. From 26 SSL events detected in about 230 h of observation, an SSL occurrence rate of 1 event/9 h at our location was obtained. This result, combined with that reported by Nagasawa and Abo (Geophys. Res. Lett. 22 (1995) 263) at Tokyo, Japan, reveals that the SSL occurrence can be relatively frequent at some mid-latitude locations. The statistical analyses of main parameters for the 26 SSL events were made, and the results were compared with those previously reported. By examining the corresponding data from a nearby ionosonde, it was found that there was a fairly good correlation between SSL and Es. Of the 18 pairs of SSL and Es events checked, 15 of SSL were accompanied by Es, and 8 pairs of them were correlated within 1 h in time and within 5 km in altitude. From the analyses of observed perturbations during SSL development, the role of dynamic processes of atmosphere in the SSL formations were emphasized.     

表面活性剂的应用研究—：——动力学光度法测定痕量硒蹄

研究了表面活性剂在Ｓｅ和Ｔｅ诱导反应中的作用,对反应机理进行了初步探讨。实验表明,在选定条件下,加入适量非离子表面活性剂Ｔｗｅｅｎ－８０,使Ｔｅ的诱导反应速度加快,灵敏度提高１倍,并利用其对Ｓｅ有抑制反应速度的作用,使Ｔｅ对Ｓｅ的抗干扰能力增强。阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠对Ｓｅ和Ｔｅ均有加速反应的作用,Ｓｅ的灵敏工提高１．３倍：Ｔｅ的灵敏主提高４０％。基于此,所建立的中用于地质样品中纳克级Ｓ     

钝顶螺旋藻营养生理的研究 I：钝顶螺旋藻对无机碳的吸收利用

碳源对于进行光合作用的各种藻类是必不可少的。螺旋藻的生 态习性是在高pH环境下生长,因此螺旋藻碳代谢的研究有特殊的意义。文中报道了螺旋藻对 无机碳的吸收利用以及与其生长的关系,结果表明螺旋藻培养基中碳酸氢钠的浓度50～100mm ol/dm3时,不仅可以满足螺旋藻生长的需要,而且有助于保持藻体生长的pH值。结果还表 明适当添加碳酸氢氨有利于螺旋藻的生长。     

Short timescale variability of the mesospheric sodium layer

In this article we investigate the short-term characteristics of the sodium layer and their implications for laser guide star systems. We report measurements of sodium density andcentroid-height variations on timescales of 100 ms upwards. Significant centroid-height variations on short timescales may necessitate frequent refocussing of the beam and wavefront sensor system.We present results from observations of the mesospheric sodium layer taken at the Max Planck observatory in Calar Alto, Spain in September 1997 and August 1998. We describe our experiment which uses the resonant optical backscatter of 589.2 nm laser light from the upper atmosphere as a measure of sodium abundance.Short-term variations are dominated by the formation of dense sporadic layers in the normal sodium layer. Measurements were made on 3 nights in 1997 and on 2 nights in 1998. Somewhat unexpectedly for a mid-latitude site, sporadic sodium layers were seen on 4 of these 5 nights. One of the sporadic layers was observed for its duration. The 2 km wide layer reached a maximum intensity of approximately two and a half times that of the background layer and could be distinguished from the background for over five hours. Centroid height variations of up to 400 m were observed on timescales of 1–2 min. In 1998 we were sensitive to variations of 5% or more in total sodium abundance on timescales of 100 ms upwards. We found no evidencefor variations of this level on these short timescales.     

新疆罗布泊盐湖卤水资源综合开发研究

罗布泊盐湖赋存有丰富的含钾硫酸镁亚型卤水,现已探明仅罗北凹地区段孔隙度储量2.67×109t(折合KCl),属特大型钾盐卤水矿藏,是生产硫酸钾的理想原料;此外,卤水中含有丰富的钠、镁、锂、硼等资源,综合回收利用价值较大。本文针对罗布泊盐湖卤水资源,在有效利用盐湖钾资源同时,加快其他共生资源的综合开发进程,将新疆罗布泊盐湖资源开发建设推向持续、合理、有效、高值的循环经济发展的道路,为国家西部经济开发做出贡献。     

Improved Platinum-Group Element Extraction by NiS Fire Assay from Chromitite Ore Samples Using a Flux Containing Sodium Metaphosphate

Many chromite-rich rocks contain relatively high concentrations of the platinum-group elements (PGE). In many cases, the phases carrying PGE occur as either platinum-group minerals (PGM) or as base metal sulfides in solid solution in sulfides. In some cases, such as the UG-2 unit of the Bushveld Complex, the PGM are occluded inside chromite grains. Chromites are notably difficult to dissolve in most fluxes and if the chromite contains some PGM the possibility exists that not all the PGE will be recovered during fusion. In this work, shortcomings in published methods of analysis based on the nickel sulfide fire assay procedure were investigated and a new procedure developed based on the addition of sodium metaphosphate to the fusion mixture. Optimum composition of the fusion mixture was found to be 10 g sodium metaphosphate and 9 g silica to 10 g sample, 15 g sodium carbonate, 30 g lithium tetraborate, 7.5 g nickel and 4.5 g sulfur to achieve complete dissolution of chromite grains. The new flux mixture was evaluated by the analysis of reference material CHR-Pt+ (which is known to contain PGM inside chromite grains) and no undissolved chromite grains were found in the glassy slag. Analysis of the nickel sulfide beads from this fire assay using neutron activation analysis showed similar results for Rh and Ru when compared with published conventional true (or accepted) values, while Au, Ir, Os, Pd and Pt values determined here were 10 to 30% higher than the corresponding published conventional true values. It was concluded that the addition of sodium metaphosphate improved chromite dissolution in the flux and appears to improve PGE recovery.