N,N’-双癸酰基乙二胺二乙酸钠的合成与性能研究

以乙二胺和氯乙酸为原料,在低温常压下合成乙二胺二乙酸(EDDA),再以EDDA与癸酰氯反应制得N,N’-双癸酰基乙二胺二乙酸钠。采用核磁共振波谱确证了其结构;对产品的临界表面张力、起泡及稳泡能力、乳化能力及润湿渗透性能进行表征。在25℃时,N,N’-双癸酰基乙二胺二乙酸钠溶液的临界表面张力为28.1mN/m,临界胶束浓度为1.6×10-3mol/L。显示出该产品有优良的起泡稳泡性能、乳化性能及润湿渗透性能,是1种优良的表面活性剂。     

钛铁矿中二氧化硅的硅钼蓝分光光度法测定

用氢氧化钠-过氧化钠混合熔剂分解样品，酸提取后加入亚硫酸钠水浴加热消除过氧化氢和大量钛的干扰，硅钼蓝分光光度法快速测定钛铁矿中二氧化硅的含量。经国家一级标准物质分析验证，结果与标准值相符，相对标准偏差（RSD，n=7）为0．34％～2．24％。     

Variable weathering response in sandstone: factors controlling decay sequences

Differences in weathering response characteristics of fine‐ and coarse‐grained Stanton Moor sandstone samples were assessed in a laboratory weathering simulation experiment using a variable combination of salt weathering and freeze/thaw cycles. Preliminary analysis of permeability characteristics identified similar mean values for each type of Stanton sandstone but significant differences in the range of values between the two sample sets, with coarse‐grained samples of Stanton Moor sandstone displaying a restricted range of values in comparison to fine‐grained samples which showed much greater within‐block variation. Data indicated that the greater the range in initial permeability values, the greater the potential for salt and moisture ingress and retention and hence eventual disruption of the fabric of the stone. Experimental data also identified different stages in decay sequences, with significant structural change occurring during the initial preparatory stage before material breakdown and loss became apparent. Evidence suggests that relatively minor structural and mineralogical differences between samples of the same stone type can have a significant influence on weathering behaviour, resulting in distinct rates and patterns of breakdown. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

保险粉-H2O2对棉布脱色的实验研究

常用的次氯酸脱色法是在酸性条件下用次氯酸或次氯酸钠对棉布进行处理。实验研究用保险粉-H2O2多段脱色法对棉布进行脱色。保险粉处理段是在保险粉溶液中添加NaHCO3作缓冲剂，加热沸腾40min对棉布进行处理，H2O2则是在碱性H2O2溶液中，添加NaSiO3作添加剂，使棉布加热沸腾30min。与次氯酸脱色法相比，不仅脱色后的棉布强度没有减弱，而且脱色效果能达到或接近次氯酸法的脱色效果。同时脱色后的废水中不含有机氯化物，避免了致癌物质的产生。     

Tunnel formation processes in the Riverina area of N.S.W., Australia

Soil and site characteristics associated with tunnel erosion are diverse. This contributes to difficulties in identifying areas of potential tunnelling and the reclamation of land affected by this form of water erosion. Soil, site, and tunnel characteristics at three locations having different morphological expressions of this erosion form were examined to determine which features were important in tunnel development in the Riverina Area of N.S.W., Australia. Soil dispersion was a dominant process at each site and is related to high levels of exchangeable sodium. Field and laboratory studies demonstrated the importance of dispersion and its effect on water movement, particle transport, and subsequent tunnel initiation. Tunnel initiation mechanisms differed between the sites but could be identified by morphological examination of the tunnels. Potential tunnel eroding sites are characterized by a dispersible layer, a gradient for water flow, and soil characteristics that promote water Sow in defined paths. Appropriate control techniques need to be formulated for each differing form of tunnel erosion.     

Characterization of the groundwater flow regime and hydrochemistry of groundwater from the Buem formation,Eastern Ghana

This study demonstrates the application of multivariate statistical methods in definition of groundwater recharge and discharge areas in a sedimentary basin in Ghana. Q‐mode hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was applied to 57 hydrochemical data from the Buem formation in the northern part of the Volta Region in Ghana. R‐mode HCA and R‐mode factor analysis were then applied to the same dataset to reveal the processes controlling the hydrochemistry of groundwater from this hydrogeological formation. Results of both the Q‐ and R‐mode analyses were backed by graphical methods. The analyses revealed two major water types, differentiated by salinity levels into four spatial groundwater associations. The characteristics of the four groundwater types are discussed. The recharge areas are characterized by Ca? HCO₃ low salinity waters which evolve through rock–water interactions to Na? HCO₃ high salinity waters in the discharge areas. This study finds that the hydrochemistry of groundwater from this formation is mainly controlled by the weathering of minerals, principally silicates in the aquifer matrix. The effects of the chemistry of recharging precipitation are higher in the recharge areas, while mineral weathering tends to be severe close to the discharge areas in the groundwater flow regime. All the four spatial groundwater associations have low sodium content, but salinity levels increase towards the discharge areas, such that some of wells in the discharge areas may not be acceptable for irrigation on grounds of high salinities which might affect the osmotic potentials of plants. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

硫酸钠对水泥土的强度及微观孔隙影响研究

通过不同含量的硫酸钠水泥土抗压强度测试,分析硫酸钠对水泥土X射线衍射（XRD）物相成分改变的化学反应过程,对比分析经Image-ProPlus6.0（IPP）软件处理前、后的微观扫描电镜试验（SEM）图像,计算放大200倍下SEM图像的孔隙平均直径分布规律,探讨硫酸钠对水泥土宏观强度与微观孔隙的影响规律。结果表明,硫酸钠充分参与了水泥土的固化过程,促进了Ca(OH)2、CaSO4、CaCO3与C-A-S-H等水化产物的生成;水泥土强度随硫酸钠含量增加而增大,在含量等于9g/kg时达到最大值;硫酸钠使水泥土的孔径分布发生改变,放大200倍下水泥土微观图像孔隙率随着硫酸钠含量的增大呈减小趋势;当硫酸钠含量小于9g/kg时,生成的水化产物使水泥土的结构呈现较强的粒状-镶嵌-胶结结构,对强度有利,当硫酸钠含量较大时,水化产物产生的膨胀力大于胶结力,使其强度下降。     

微咸水水质对土壤水盐运移特征的影响

微咸水的合理开发和利用不仅有利于缓解水资源供需矛盾,而且有利于生态环境保护和农业可持续发展。通过以微咸水矿化度和钠吸附比（SAR）为两个主要指标,在实验室就8种微咸水水质对土壤入渗特征及水盐动态的影响进行了研究。研究结果表明微咸水矿化度的增加通过改善土壤的团粒结构从而增加了土壤的透水性：而相对土壤钠吸附比较高的情况下,低矿化度低钠吸附比入渗水的钠吸附比对土壤入渗特征影响不明显。土壤的含盐量主要取决于入渗水的矿化度,受钠吸附比的影响不大,矿化度小于或等于3g／L时,表层土壤中的盐分处于平衡状态。土壤溶液的钠吸附比与入渗水的矿化度和钠吸附比均呈良好的线性相关关系,入渗水矿化度越大,钠吸附比越大,土壤饱和溶液的钠吸附比越大。     

温室辣椒果实生长及内源激素含量对外施α-萘乙酸钠的响应

为明确α-萘乙酸钠（α-NaNAA）对辣椒果实生长的调控作用,以陇椒2号为试验材料,研究了荒漠区日光温室辣椒果实生长及内源激素含量对α-NaNAA的响应。结果表明:喷施不同浓度的α-NaNAA能显著增加辣椒果实长度、果实直径、果皮厚度、单果重和干物质积累速率。与对照相比,喷施α-NaNAA加快了果实前期的生长速率,缩短了果实的生长期,处理后20～30 d是辣椒果实迅速增大的时段;提前了果实干重快速增大的开始时间,延缓了结束时间,使果实干重显著增大,而且以35 mg·L-1浓度效果更显著;在辣椒果实的单果重相同时,使果实的成熟期提前10 d左右。喷施α-NaNAA显著增加了辣椒果实的脱落酸（ABA）、赤霉素（GA）和玉米素（ZR）含量,而对吲哚乙酸（IAA）平均含量没有显著影响。分析表明,辣椒果实的单果重与果实生长期中ABA、GA、IAA和ZR的平均含量水平呈显著正相关。     

溶液矿化度及加量对钠-蒙脱石晶间距的影响研究

自来水引起的钠-蒙脱石黏土矿物晶间距增量大于不同矿化度的KCl、NaCl、CaCl2溶液,在水中加入不同类型的盐有助于稳定钠-蒙脱石黏土矿物,抑制黏土矿物晶间距扩展。不同类型、不同矿化度盐溶液引起的钠-蒙脱石黏土矿物晶间距增量不同,比较KCl、NaCl、CaCl2 3种溶液,KCl溶液引起的晶间距变化量最小,在饱和KCl溶液作用下,钠-蒙脱石黏土的晶间距变化量仅1.32%。钠-蒙脱石与不同类型溶液接触,随溶液加量增加,晶间距增量逐渐减小并逐渐趋于稳定。钠-蒙脱石的水化膨胀量与溶液总加量无直接关系,当黏土矿物浸泡在水溶液中时,晶间距不会随着水的总量增加而无限扩展。钠-蒙脱石与加量相同的不同类型溶液接触时,晶间距随接触时间增加呈复杂指数函数变化,表现出在初期突变增大并很快趋于稳定的特点。