A novel analytical solution for constant‐head test in a patchy aquifer

A mathematical model describing the hydraulic head distribution for a constant‐head test performed in a well situated at the centre of a patchy aquifer is presented. The analytical solution for the mathematical model is derived by the Laplace transforms and the Bromwich integral method. The solution for the hydraulic head has been shown to satisfy the governing equations, related boundary conditions, and continuity requirements for the hydraulic head and flow rate at the interface of the patch and outer regions. An efficient numerical approach is proposed to evaluate the solution, which has an integral covering an integration range from zero to infinity and an integrand consisting the product and square of the Bessel functions. This solution can be used to produce the curves of dimensionless hydraulic head against dimensionless time for investigating the effect of the contrast of formation properties on the dimensionless hydraulic head distribution. Define the ratio of outer‐region transmissivity to patch‐region transmissivity as α. The dimensionless hydraulic head for α=0.1 case is about 2.72 times to that for α=10 case at dimensionless large time (e.g. τ?10⁶) when the dimensionless distance (ρ) equals 10. The results indicate that the hydraulic head distribution highly depends on the hydraulic properties of two‐zone formations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evolution of the General Solution of the Restricted Problem Covering Symmetric and Escape Solutions

The work presented in paper I (Papadakis, K.E., Goudas, C.L.: Astrophys. Space Sci. (2006)) is expanded here to cover the evolution of the approximate general solution of the restricted problem covering symmetric and escape solutions for values of μ in the interval [0, 0.5]. The work is purely numerical, although the available rich theoretical background permits the assertions that most of the theoretical issues related to the numerical treatment of the problem are known. The prime objective of this work is to apply the ‘Last Geometric Theorem of Poincaré’ (Birkhoff, G.D.: Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 14, 14 (1913); Poincaré, H.: Rend. Cir. Mat. Palermo 33, 375 (1912)) and compute dense sets of axisymmetric periodic family curves covering the initial conditions space of bounded motions for a discrete set of values of the basic parameter μ spread along the entire interval of permissible values. The results obtained for each value of μ, tested for completeness, constitute an approximation of the general solution of the problem related to symmetric motions. The approximate general solution of the same problem related to asymmetric solutions, also computable by application of the same theorem (Poincaré-Birkhoff) is left for a future paper. A secondary objective is identification-computation of the compact space of escape motions of the problem also for selected values of the mass parameter μ. We first present the approximate general solution for the integrable case μ = 0 and then the approximate solution for the nonintegrable case μ = 10⁻³. We then proceed to presenting the approximate general solutions for the cases μ = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5, in all cases building them in four phases, namely, presenting for each value of μ, first all family curves of symmetric periodic solutions that re-enter after 1 oscillation, then adding to it successively, the family curves that re-enter after 2 to 10 oscillations, after 11 to 30 oscillations, after 31 to 50 oscillations and, finally, after 51 to 100 oscillations. We identify in these solutions, considered as functions of the mass parameter μ, and at μ = 0 two failures of continuity, namely: 1. Integrals of motion, exempting the energy one, cease to exist for any infinitesimal positive value of μ. 2. Appearance of a split into two separate sub-domains in the originally (for μ = 0) unique space of bounded motions. The computed approximations of the general solution for all values of μ appear to fulfill the ‘completeness’ criterion inside properly selected sub-domains of the domain of bounded motions in the (x, C) plane, which means that these sub-domains are filled countably densely by periodic family curves, which form a laminar flow-line pattern. The family curves in this pattern may, or may not, be intersected by a ‘basic’ family curve segment of order from 1 up to 3. The isolated points generating asymptotic solutions resemble ‘sink’ points toward which dense sets of periodic family curves spiral. The points in the compact domain in the (x, C) plane resting outside the domain of bounded motions (μ = 0), including the gap between the two large sub-domains (μ > 0) created by the aforementioned split, generate escape motions. The gap between the two large sub-domains of bounded motions grows wider for growing μ. Also, a number of compact gaps that generate escape motions exist within the body of the two sub-domains of bounded motions. The approximate general solutions computed include symmetric, heteroclinic, asymptotic, collision and escape solutions, thus constituting one component of the full approximate general solution of the problem, the second and final component being that of asymmetric solutions.     

基于模糊度中误差的GPS信号第三民用频率L5的选取研究

从模糊度参数标准中误差角度出发讨论信号L5频率的选取问题,在双频观测资料模糊度参数估计基础上,研究三频观测资料模糊度参数估计,并进行模糊度参数标准中误差确定、讨论信号频率与模糊度标准中误差之间的关系,最后提出新的民用频率取值范围的建议。为今后的GALILEO系统、其他导航系统等信号频率选取提供一种思路和借鉴。     

镇江市软弱地基特征研究

根据4000多个工程地质勘察钻孔资料,并收集大量建筑地基基础处理实例资料,对镇江市软弱地基进行了分类,给出了软弱地基的分布范围、工程特性指标及处理方法,旨在合理利用软弱地基,确保建筑物的安全运行。     

Research on Corrosion Effect of Sulfate Ions on Concrete Under Wetting-Drying Cycle

Saline soil is widely distributed in the marine sediments along the coast of the world and the arid-semi-arid areas of the Middle East and Iraq,and calcium sulfate erosion has become one of the important factors affecting the durability of concrete in this area.In order to clarify the mechanism of sulfate ion damage to concrete,this paper mainly takes saline soil with high sulfate content in coastal area as well as arid-semi-arid area as the research object,and uses indoor geotechnical test,field test and numerical simulation to study the influence of different dry-wet cycle times on the unconfined compressive strength of concrete test blocks,and puts forward the relationship between the erosion arrival depth and time of sulfate ion in concrete,so as to predict the long-term erosion depth by using the erosion depth of sulfate ion in concrete in short time.The results show that the shorter the erosion time when the erosion reaches a certain depth,and the larger the erosion reaches when the erosion time is the same,the faster the erosion reaches the depth with the increase of erosion time.Compared with rectangular section concrete,circular section concrete penetrates faster.The results of this study can provide a reference for the durability design of concrete in saline soil sites containing sulfate.     

Seismic analysis of the Xiluodu reservoir area and insights into the geometry of seismogenic faults

The Xiluodu (XLD) reservoir is the second largest reservoir in China and the largest in the Jinsha River basin. The occurrence of two M > 5 earthquakes after reservoir impoundment has aroused great interest among seismologists and plant operators. We comprehensively analyzed the seismicity of the XLD reservoir area using precise earthquake relocation results and focal mechanism solutions and found that the seismicity of this area was weak before impoundment. Following impoundment, earthquake activity increased significantly. The occurrence of M ≥ 3.5 earthquakes within five years of impoundment also appear to be closely related to rapid rises and falls in water level, though this correlation weakened after five years because earthquake activity was far from the reservoir area. Earthquakes in the XLD reservoir area are clustered; near the dam (Area A), small faults are intermittently distributed along the river, while Area B is composed of multiple NW-trending left-lateral strike-slip faults and a thrust fault and Area C is composed of a NW-trending left-lateral strike-slip main fault and a nearly EW-trending right-lateral strike-slip minor fault. The geometries of the deep and the shallow parts of the NW-trending fault differ. Under the action of the NW-trending background stress field, a series of NW-trending left-lateral strike-slip faults and NE-trending thrust faults in critical stress states were dislocated due to the stress caused by reservoir impoundment. The two largest earthquakes in the XLD reservoir area were tectonic earthquakes that were directly triggered by impoundment.     

不同海潮模型对中国大陆构造环境监测网络GNSS数据解算的影响

选取2018年中国大陆构造环境监测网络GNSS基准站及中国周边IGS站数据,基于CSR4、FES2004、GOT00、NAO99b等海潮负荷改正模型,采用单一变量的解算方式,分析不同海潮模型对我国GNSS基准站基线、三维坐标、时间序列等造成的影响。结果表明：利用不同海潮模型解算基线精度,水平方向相差不大于1 mm,垂向相差不大于3 mm;各测站NEU坐标精度均在毫米级以下,以耿马站时间序列为例,与其他模型相比,基于FES2004模型解算的各向偏差趋势波动较弱,其年序列图的精度及连续性、稳定性更佳。简言之,利用FES2004海潮模型解算GNSS站点位置,效果较好。     

溶液黏度模型的研究进展

黏度的研究对于流体流动的数字模拟、油气藏的开发以及CO_2的地质封存等都有着不可替代的意义,其也是评价油气藏的最终开发效果与反映油气藏经济效益的关键因素,当前关于电解质溶液黏度的理论研究主要存在2大类计算模型,即:(1)基于Erying绝对速率理论、Debye Hückel理论、Einstein方程等相关理论而开发的半经验半理论黏度模型;(2)基于如Jones Dole方程等的经验性黏度模型。     

汶川Ms8.0地震后龙门山断裂带地壳应力场及其构造意义

2008年5月12日在青藏高原东缘龙门山断裂带中段发生汶川8.0级特大地震。大震发生时释放应力并对震源区及外围构造应力场产生影响,受汶川地震断层破裂方式和强度空间差异性的影响,震后龙门山断裂带地壳应力场也应表现差异特征,至今鲜有针对该科学问题深入的分析和讨论。经过系统收集、梳理汶川地震后沿龙门山断裂带水压致裂地应力测量数据与2008年汶川地震中强余震序列震源机制解资料,对汶川地震后龙门山断裂带中上地壳构造应力场进行厘定,通过与震前构造应力场对比,深入探讨了汶川8.0级地震对龙门山断裂带地壳应力场的影响,进而对汶川震后应力调整过程及青藏高原东缘龙门山地区深部构造变形模式进行研究,研究结果表明:受汶川8.0级地震的影响,震后龙门山断裂带地壳构造应力场空间分布具有差异性,近地表至上地壳15 km深度范围,映秀—青川段最大主应力方向为北西西向、地应力状态为逆走滑型,青川东北部最大主应力方向偏转至北东东向、应力状态转变为走滑型;15~25km深度范围,龙门山断裂带最大主应力方向仍为北西—北西西向、应力状态以逆冲型为主。汶川8.0级地震后,龙门山断裂带中地壳北西西向逆冲挤压的构造应力特征进一步支持了青藏高原东缘龙门山地区东西两侧刚性块体碰撞挤压、逆冲推覆的动力学模式。     

膏盐层在云南会泽和毛坪铅锌矿成矿中的作用：硫同位素证据

云南会泽和毛坪铅锌矿床位于扬子地块西南缘川-滇-黔铅锌多金属矿集区的中南部,小江断裂带、昭通-曲靖隐伏断裂带和垭都-紫云断裂带的构造复合部位,是我国著名的MVT型铅锌矿床。本文以会泽和毛坪铅锌矿为例,系统研究了矿床中矿石硫化物、矿区相关碳酸盐岩地层中微量硫酸盐(CAS)以及外围不同时代膏盐层中石膏的硫同位素组成,探讨了膏盐层在云南会泽和毛坪铅锌矿成矿中的作用。会泽矿床矿石硫化物的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值为11.0‰~20.0‰,多数集中在13.0‰~17.0‰之间,平均14.7‰,大致代表总硫的同位素组成。石炭系碳酸盐岩地层中微量硫酸盐的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值为10.4‰~18.6‰,平均13.1‰,较矿石硫化物的值稍低。矿区外围石炭系膏盐层中石膏的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值为12.9‰~17.1‰,平均13.6‰,与石炭系碳酸盐岩中微量硫酸盐的δ~(34) S_(V-CDT)值几乎完全一致。毛坪矿床矿石硫化物的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值与其赋存层位密切相关,赋存于摆佐组(C1b)的矿石硫化物的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值为7.1‰~17.5‰,平均12.8‰,较会泽矿石硫化物的值稍低,与石炭系碳酸盐岩地层中微量硫酸盐和石膏的值一致;赋存于宰格组(D3zg)的矿石硫化物的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值为18.3‰~22.7‰,平均21.1‰,与赋存于摆佐组(C1b)的矿石硫化物的值和会泽矿床矿石硫化物的值明显不同。矿区外围宰格组(D3zg)膏盐层中石膏的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值为21.9‰~25.9‰,平均23.6‰,与毛坪矿床宰格组(D3zg)矿石硫化物的值相似。通过对比会泽、毛坪矿床中不同赋矿层位矿石硫化物、石炭系不同层位碳酸盐岩中微量硫酸盐和矿区外围不同时代膏盐层中石膏的硫同位素组成及变化规律,提出会泽、毛坪铅锌矿床矿石硫化物中的硫主要来源于赋矿层位膏盐层中石膏硫酸盐的热还原。其中会泽铅锌矿的硫绝大部分来自石炭系膏盐层,只有10%的硫来自下伏的宰格组膏盐层;毛坪铅锌矿床中赋存于宰格组的矿体,矿石硫主要来自宰格组膏盐层,而赋存于摆佐组的矿体,矿石硫主要来自摆佐组膏盐层,即膏盐层是在原地被还原的。成矿作用分为两个阶段,第一阶段石膏与甲烷等有机质发生热化学反应,全部被还原形成H2S,储存在层间裂隙或溶洞之中,同时发生大规模白云岩化;第二阶段淋滤了深部基底岩石中Pb、Zn等金属成矿物质的成矿流体与储存在层间裂隙或溶洞之中的富含H2S的流体混合,形成黄铁矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿等富集沉淀,形成高品位矿石。