Nonlinearity of Nonradial Modes in Evolved Stars

We show that in evolved stars, even at relatively low surfaceamplitudes, nonradial modes become strongly nonlinear in thehydrogen shell source, where the Brunt-Väisälä frequency hasits absolute maximum. The measure of nonlinearity is the productof horizontal displacement times the radial wavenumber, . It becomes large already in evolved -Scuti stars.This nonlinearity presents a major problem for interpretations ofamplitude modulation in RR Lyrae stars in terms of nonradial modeexcitation.     

The Apsidal Antialignment of the HD 82943 System

We perform numerical simulations to explore the dynamical evolution of the HD 82943 planetary system. By simulating diverse planetary configurations, we find two mechanisms of stabilizing the system: the 2:1 mean motion resonance (MMR) between the two planets can act as the first mechanism for all stable orbits. The second mechanism is a dynamical antialignment of the apsidal lines of the orbiting planets, which implies that the difference of the periastron longitudes ₃ librates about 180° in the simulations. We also use a semi-analytical model to explain the numerical results for the system under study.     

A general model for modifying Stokes’ formula and its least-squares solution

Today the combination of Stokes formula and an Earth gravity model (EGM) for geoid determination is a standard procedure. However, the method of modifying Stokes formula varies from author to author, and numerous methods of modification exist. Most methods modify Stokes kernel, but the most widely applied method, the remove compute restore technique, removes the EGM from the gravity anomaly to attain a residual gravity anomaly under Stokes integral, and at least one known method modifies both Stokes kernel and the gravity anomaly. A general model for modifying Stokes formula is presented; it includes most of the well-known techniques of modification as special cases. By assuming that the error spectra of the gravity anomalies and the EGM are known, the optimum model of modification is derived based on the least-squares principle. This solution minimizes the expected mean square error (MSE) of all possible solutions of the general geoid model. A practical formula for estimating the MSE is also presented. The power of the optimum method is demonstrated in two special cases. AcknowledgementsThis paper was partly written whilst the author was a visiting scientist at The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. He is indebted to Professor W. Kearsley and his colleagues, and their hospitality is acknowledged.     

A Comparative Analysis of Transpiration and Bare Soil Evaporation

Transpiration E^v and bare soil evaporation E^b processes are comparatively analysed assuming homogeneous and inhomogeneous areal distributions of volumetric soil moisture content . For a homogeneous areal distribution of we use a deterministic model, while for inhomogeneous distributions a statistical-deterministic diagnostic surface energy balance model is applied. The areal variations of are simulated by Monte-Carlo runs assuming normal distributions of .The numerical experiments are performed for loam. In the experiments we used different parameterizations for vegetation and bare soil surface resistances and strong atmospheric forcing. According to the results theE^v()-^Eb() differences are great, especially in dry conditions. In spite of this, the available energy flux curves of vegetation A^v() and bare soil A^b() surfaces differ much less than the E^v() and ^Eb() curves. The results suggest that E^v is much more non-linearly related to environmental conditions than ^Eb. Both E^v and ^Eb depend on the distribution of , the wetness regime and the parameterization used. With the parameterizations, ^Eb showed greater variations than E^v. These results are valid when there are no advective effects or mesoscale circulation patterns and the stratification is unstable.     

Flood-borne sediment analysis of the Hoanib River, northwestern Namibia

The suspended sediment contained in six flood events in the Hoanib River catchment during the wet season of 1999/2000 were analysed for volatile (or low molecular weight) fine particulate organic material (FPOM), higher molecular weight FPOM and the total organic carbon (TOC). Samples were evaporated to dryness at 80 °C, then heated in a high temperature oven to 250, 550 and 850 °C. The results show that the amount of sediment carried during the flood events varied between 1.54 and 31.27 g/L, with an average of 14.62 g/L. The amount of suspended sediment in the flood-waters (2.789–616.359×10⁶ kg) was found to be dependent on the timing and duration of the flood event. The largest percentage of organic material was found in the volatile FPOM fraction (5.77±6.26%), with lesser amounts being found in the higher molecular weight FPOM (3.36±0.62%) and TOC (4.93±1.86%) fractions.     

冬小麦冠层氮素的垂直分布及光谱响应

考察了田间条件下冬小麦主要生育阶段冠层氮素、叶绿素的垂直分布及其光谱响应。不同叶层的叶片含氮量按上 (冠层顶部向下至 1 / 3株高处 )、中、下层的顺序呈明显下降的梯度 ,全生育期不同土壤施氮处理平均 ,上、中层间相差 1 3 3% ,中、下层间相差 2 9 5 %。在生育前期 ,各层叶片的含氮量随土壤供氮水平增高而增加 ,但不同叶层间氮素的梯度相对稳定。到生育中后期 ,中、下层叶片间氮素含量梯度增大 ,且随土壤供氮水平增高而加剧 ,最大时可相差 4 5 3% ;冠层内叶绿素 (a b)含量的垂直分布规律与氮素含量的垂直分布相类似 ,但对土壤供氮水平的反应上表现出与氮素不尽一致的趋势。不同叶层的光谱特征表现为 ,在土壤低氮水平下 ,不同叶层间在红光波段、短波红外波段 (1 4 0 0nm— 1 80 0nm及 1 95 0nm— 2 30 0nm)的反射率差异显著 ,下部叶层的反射率显著高于上、中叶层 ,但在土壤高氮水平下 ,上述差异消失 ;在近红外平台处 ,不同叶层间反射率按上、中、下顺序降低 ,梯度分布特征明显。利用近红外波段的冠层反射光谱能够很好地反演中下层叶片的叶绿素含量     

2003年山西沙尘天气气候特征初步分析

本文通过1970年至2000年山西省扬沙和沙尘暴发生日数的统计分析，总结出山西省沙尘天气的时空特征，并对比近几年沙尘天气的情况，从环流特征和气候背景人手，分析2003年沙尘天气偏少的原因。     

非水溶剂中电解质溶液活度系数的测定:NaCl在1,2-丙二醇中活度系数的测定

应用钠离子选择性电极和Ag-AgCl电极组成可逆电池,通过测定电池的电动势,应用Debye H櫣ckel极限公式,计算了不同温度下NaCl在1,2-丙二醇非水溶剂中的活度系数,并根据电解质溶液的溶剂化理论对NaCl的活度系数的某些变化规律进行了讨论。     

测井曲线标定有机碳方法在苏北盆地的应用

测井曲线标定有机碳技术方法是一种不同于传统地球化学测试得到的有机碳方法，它根据烃源岩内有机质的含量在测井曲线上具有一定的特征响应，通过地球物理测井手段鉴别与提取这些特征属性，再利用测井曲线标定的有机碳含量关系式进行计算，从而得到准确的有机碳含量。这种方法既简便易行又准确可靠，与传统地球化学测试得到的有机碳方法具有良好的对应性。通过对苏161井阜四段、苏169井阜三段烃源岩测井标定有机碳含量与实测值的对比性研究，表明在苏北盆地用测井资料计算的有机碳来补充取心资料的不足，从而对该地区地下油气进行分析具有切实的可行性和较好的适用性。