A need for incentivizing field hydrology,especially in an era of open data: discussion of “The role of experimental work in hydrological sciences – insights from a community survey”*

The sharing of data and collection of new data are both essential, but they are not inherently complementary. When data are openly available, researchers may be motivated to use those data rather than collect more because field work has costs and risks. The competitive advantage to those who do not put resources towards fieldwork may discourage field hydrology. Allocating efforts towards generating field data, which benefits hydrological sciences, is not necessarily best for individual hydrologists, especially in an era of open data. The objective of this work is to open a conversation on whether individuals’ best interests may contrast with the community’s desire for new observations. If the community wants new field observations, there is a need to consider the shifting balance of incentives and disincentives for pursuing field studies in hydrology.     

Strength-reduction factors for the design of light nonstructural elements in buildings

Strength-reduction factors that reduce ordinates of floor spectra acceleration due to nonlinearity in the secondary system are investigated. In exchange for permitting some inelastic deformation to occur in the secondary system or its supports, these strength reduction factors allow to design the nonstructural elements or their supports for lateral forces that are smaller than those that would be required to maintain them elastically during earthquakes. This paper presents the results of a statistical analysis on component strength-reduction factors that were computed considering floor motions recorded on instrumented buildings in California during various earthquakes. The effect of yielding in the component or its anchorage/bracing in offering protection against excessive component acceleration demands is investigated. It is shown that strength-reduction factors computed from floor motions are significantly different from those computed from ground motions recorded on rock or on firm soils. In particular, they exhibit much larger reductions for periods tuned or nearly tuned to the dominant modal periods of the building response. This is due to the large differences in frequency content of ground motions and floor motions, with the former typically characterized by wide-band spectra whereas the latter are characterized by narrow-band spectra near periods of dominant modes in the response of the building. Finally, the study provides approximate equations to estimate component strength-reduction factors computed through nonlinear regression analyses.     

基于母子企业联系的东北三省城市网络特征

基于母子企业联系数据构建城市关联矩阵,借鉴社会网络分析法从网络密度、中心性、凝聚子群3方面分析东北三省城市网络结构特征,并对企业联系视角下的区域组织结构特征进行深入探讨。结果表明：① 区域网络发展处于逐步完善阶段,省域尺度下的网络密度（D）存在明显差异、总体呈现出“ D_{\mathrm{吉}} > D_{\mathrm{辽}} > D_{\mathrm{黑}} ”格局,省内联系普遍较高而跨省域联系则相对不足;② 网络中心性呈现出极化特征、区域中心城市在网络中处于主导地位,受中心城市的“虹吸效应”、其周边地区存在明显的“灯下黑”现象;③ 区域企业联系的小团体现象突出,四大城市是区域联系中心且发展速度快,边缘城市缺乏核心而经济发展缓慢。基于母子企业联系,认为东北三省城市网络总体呈“多核心网络状”组织结构,而在省域尺度上则显示出“单核放射状”“轴-辐”式和“双核”结构组织模式。     

子女随迁的乡-城流动人口家庭社会融入 ——以浙江金华市区为例

以子女随迁的乡-城流动人口家庭为对象,基于2016年金华市区问卷调研数据,采用主成分分析和多元线性回归分析方法,辅以访谈数据,探讨其社会融入水平及其影响因素。研究发现：此类流动人口家庭的社会融入主要涉及子女教育、经济适应和心理融入3个维度,社会融入度总体处于中等水平,子女教育融入度最高,其次是经济适应,而心理融入度最低,且各维度内部差异较大。子女教育融入度虽高,但也存在难以进入公办学校的困境,缺乏自主选择学校的权利。政策层面虽降低了对流动人口的准入门槛,但在执行中由于资源有限、供需不匹配和宣传不到位等原因,福利制度仍以本地居民为主,流动家庭难以平等享受福利保障,造成严重的本外差异,心理融入度低。个人层面的性别和受教育程度,经济层面的职业和收入,教育层面的学校类型和教育支出等对社会融入均有显著影响。综合来看,与个体流动相比,子女随迁的家庭化迁移对流入地的需求更加多样化和复杂化,能否较好地提升子女受教育水平是其融入城市的首要考量,其次是经济和心理层面因素。     

Role of permafrost in resilience of social-ecological system and its spatio-temporal dynamics in the source regions of Yangtze and Yellow Rivers

Permafrost is one of the key components of terrestrial ecosystem in cold regions. In the context of climate change, few studies have investigated resilience of social ecological system(SER) from the perspective of permafrost that restricts the hydrothermal condition of alpine grassland ecosystem. In this paper, based on the structural dynamics, we developed the numerical model for the SER in the permafrost regions of the source of Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, analyzed the spatial-temporal characteristics and sensitivity of the SER, and estimated the effect of permafrost change on the SER. The results indicate that: 1) the SER has an increasing trend, especially after 1997, which is the joint effect of precipitation, temperature, NPP and ecological conservation projects; 2) the SER shows the spatial feature of high in southeast and low in northwest,which is consistent with the variation trends of high southeast and low northwest for the precipitation, temperature and NPP, and low southeast and high northwest for the altitude; 3) the high sensitive regions of SER to the permafrost change have gradually transited from the island distribution to zonal and planar distribution since 1980, moreover, the sensitive degree has gradually reduced; relatively, the sensitivity has high value in the north and south, and low value in the south and east; 4) the thickness of permafrost active layer shows a highly negative correlation with the SER. The contribution rate of permafrost change to the SER is-4.3%, that is, once the thickness of permafrost active layer increases 1 unit, the SER would decrease 0.04 units.     

基于社会网络的全球集装箱海运网络层次体系与派系划分

全球集装箱海运网络层次体系与派系划分对深入了解全球集装箱港口布局和分工及港口投资建设等具有重要的参考价值。基于全球10 大集装箱班轮公司的航运数据,以海运国家为节点构建全球集装箱航运网络,运用社会网络分析方法,采用“核心-边缘”模型,从国家间海运联系广度和国家间海运联系强度两个角度对全球集装箱海运网络进行层次体系划分,并且应用社会网络分析中的C 层次派系法对全球集装箱海运联系网络进行派系划分。结果表明：根据联系广度和联系强度划分出的全球集装箱海运网络“核心-边缘”结构并不相同。但是,中国、荷兰、新加坡、德国、巴西、阿联酋和法国这7 个国家在两种层次划分方法中都处于核心区,可见这7 个国家在全球集装箱海运网络中不仅在连通性上处于核心枢纽位置,在功能性上也处于核心地位。在C层次派系法中,从区域性上看,跨区域派系较少。     

多目标多测度数据空间抽样方法

社会问卷调查往往需要针对多目标测度不同类型的数据,而传统的抽样方法主要针对单目标对象,且数据类型为数值型数据。本研究以厦门岛出行调查为例,调查问卷包含了住区特征、居民社会经济状况、就业情况、出行方式、出行目的与时间等方面的指标,提出了以变异度模型为主的新方法。以厦门岛住区居民出行所带来的能耗问题收集的少量先验问卷信息以及历史数据为基础,通过模型表征测度不同类型变量的空间变异性,将其作为空间分层的依据从而完成抽样布点方案,评价精度通过抽样方差进行。结果表明：① 综合多种因素分层可以灵活地解决调查中涉及类别数据以及数值型数据的问题,将影响抽样问题的各类型因素体现到样点空间布点方案中,扩大三明治空间抽样的应用范围;② 三明治空间抽样各层样点的分布以及容量受层变异度值（相当于方差）的影响,但其样本容量并不是简单随着区域的层变异度值的增大而增大,空间抽样样本容量同时受到多个因素的影响,其地理空间的大小也是其中一个影响因素;③ 变异度模型成功地量化了各种类型数据,通过少量的预调查得到更详细的抽样方案,其抽样精度为0.0002,样本容量35,满足了问卷调查的目标需求并将抽样样本容量控制在合理的范围之内。     

Patterns of disaster commemoration in long‐term recovery

The postdisaster landscape is replete with memorials that help communities collectively remember destructive events and recover psychologically. Although commemoration is intrinsic to all stages of recovery, little research from the disaster‐science field engages memorial texts across disasters. Meanwhile, a rich body of work on memorials and their functions exists in the cultural geographic tradition. Drawing from this literature, the current study examines a sample of U.S.‐based memorials to discern patterns within the postdisaster commemorative landscape. This research leverages discourse analysis to interrogate the meanings and mechanics of postdisaster memory work. Findings revealing that disasters catalyze remembrances that remake places, postdisaster memorial texts construct wide‐ranging degrees of intimacy, and memorials distilling survivor memories impel community recovery differently than memorials that reconstruct imagined pasts. These identified patterns in postdisaster commemoration enable further systematic exploration of memory work in the long‐term recovery process.     

Are Workers Attracted to Social Interaction Opportunities? A Study of Face-to-Face Contact Opportunities by Occupation and Industry

The spatial structure of a region is known to affect the degree of face-to-face interaction opportunities for a city’s residents. These interaction opportunities are important building blocks in aspects of economic production. To date, though, there is scant empirical evidence linking interaction opportunities to worker locations. In this article, using a spatial measure of social interaction potential (SIP), we seek to discover whether, and by how much, opportunities for interaction differ at home and work locations for workers within different industry and occupation groups in U.S. metropolitan areas. Based on the time-geographic concept of joint accessibility, SIP is sensitive to population and employment densities, as well as travel times associated with worker commutes in a region. We compare SIP at the census tract level of geography both within and between Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) nationally and test SIP distributions by occupation and industrial categories using nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn tests. The study finds that several categories of higher skill and creative workers live and work in higher SIP areas. These findings provide evidence in support of theories of knowledge creation that rely on spontaneous face-to-face interaction and also indicate the effect of lifestyle preferences in location choices for highly skilled and arts workers.     

Trump's America or the People's America? A View from the Periphery

My overarching argument in this article is that the United States is no different than any other country in the world in that its population has elected good leaders and bad. As in other places, global and national neoliberal economic reforms have affected the U.S. economy, hallowing out the manufacturing sector, shrinking government and social safety nets, and fostering income inequality. This has left various U.S. publics struggling to make ends meet and vulnerable to demagoguery. Although the country prides itself on the strength of its institutions, institutions are no more than social contracts that need to be assiduously maintained by civil society. Although there is a strong “ivory tower” tradition in U.S. academe, the republic needs scholars—acting as public intellectuals—to fully participate in civic debates if it is to have a sufficiently robust civil society that maintains and defends its democracy and institutions. This article is divided into three sections. First, I briefly review the Trump administration's proposals for international development and diplomacy, giving particular attention to these issues in the African context. Second, I present an argument for why the United States needs public intellectuals now more than ever. Third, I share some concrete advice on how geographers might better connect with various publics.