A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE VARIATION FEATURES OF GRAIN YIELD OF CHINA IN RECENT 40 YEARS

ThespatialdistriblltionofcropcultivatedinChina,especiallyofcroptyPes,vanetiesandcroppingsystems,lspnnclpallydeterm1nedbyclimaticcondltions,andarelatlvestableconcentratedroponaldistributionpattemhasbeenformedinrecat4Oyears.Temporally,cropWeldshowsanincrementaltrendandanoscillationpattenlonlargeandmesialtimescalesbecauseoftheianuenceofagnculturaltechnologyandsoclalfaCtors,respeCtively.ThesharPvariationofaghculturalproduCtsinquantityandqualityfromyeartoyearispnnc1pallycausedbyclimate.This,onth…     

Air quality and view degradations due to copper mining and milling: Preliminary analysis and cost estimates for Green Valley,Arizona

Green Valley, Arizona is a retirement community located near major open-pit copper mines. Mining and milling activities create dust, which degrades air quality, and mine dumps and tailings banks, which degrade the viewscape. Although the tailings banks are highly visible, this study found that consumer surplus lost from dust-polluted air is more than twice that from degradation of viewscape. Consumer surplus lost from both air quality and viewscape degradation is estimated to be between $116,000,000 and $169,000,000. These preliminary estimates are based upon two studies: hedonic property values, and a contingent valuation survey of willingness to pay.     

What is Measured in Measuring the Mortgage Market

Mortgage activity has commonly been measured with two variables: the volume of loans and the success rate of applications. I argue that these measurements represent distinct portions of the overall mortgage market and correspond to different social, racial, and economic attributes. Using Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data for 1991 and 1992 in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area, I compare a variable measuring the percentage of loan applications denied with a variable measuring the number of loans per 1,000 housing units. I find that these two variables display disparate spatial patterns, that they are associated with different census tract characteristics, and that they correspond to separate dimensions of social geography. These differences suggest that the evaluation of bank performance in meeting fair housing objectives depends on how this performance is measured. Both measurements are useful, but care must be taken in their application.     

1980年代以来英美城市社会极化问题及其研究

城市社会极化，是一种复杂的社会经济现象，是举世瞩目的现代社会问题。社会学家和地理学家从经济转变、种族、职业收入、财富分配、家庭结构和教育等多个角度对此进行了大量研究。本文着重介绍1980年代以来英美学者对社会极化问题的解释与论证，主要包括对城市社会极化的认识、新城市贫困(尤其是大城市中心区)的成因、种族隔离对少数民族(特别是黑人)的影响等方面。     

SOCIAL CAPITAL,DEVELOPMENT, AND INDIGENOUS POLITICS IN ECUADORIAN AMAZONIA*

ABSTRACT. This article examines the formation of social capital—defined as the norms of trust and reciprocity integral to social relations—and the ways in which it may help rural people's organizations gain access to rights and resources. The formation of social capital must be viewed within the context of the symbolic systems, or cultural capital, that imbues social relations with meaning. The concept of social capital provides a valuable conceptual framework for analyzing the multiscale processes of environmental management, rural development, and resource conflicts with which many rural social movements are involved. The role played by social capital is illustrated through a detailed case study of an indigenous political and cultural organization in the Ecuadorian Amazon. The organizational history of a lowland Quichua federation and the successes and problems it has had in managing development projects and achieving political objectives provide insight into the importance of social capital in the development of the region.     

工程抗震设防标准的效益分析

合理的工程抗震设入标准应该具有最佳的经济效益和社会效益。为此，本文提出了在确保地震造成的人员伤亡不超过社会可接受水平这一约束条件下，寻求经济效益最佳的设防标准的优化决策模型和方法，并采用这种效益分析方法对若干典型大中城市的设防标准进行了初步分析。     

山地人工林集材作业技术

以山地人工林集材作业为研究对象，应用技术经济分析方法，对人工林主要集材作业方式的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益进行分析。用综合评价法对集材作业方式综合效益进行评价，提出适合南方林区人工林考虑生态的集材作业技术。     

太湖水环境污染的社会经济因子分析

文章通过一系列的调研数据揭示了太湖目前的水环境问题，并使用了偏相关分析方法探讨了影响水环境的社会经济因子，如COD的排放量，工业产值，耦地面积和人口等，结果表明，COD的排放主要受农业与人口的影响，TP受人口与工业的影响，TN受人口与耕地的影响。最后，提出了实行环境规划和社会经济规划，健全一环保机构，推广污水治理技术等环境治理措施。     

Maintaining family values? Cleansing the streets of sex advertising

The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 makes it an offence to place an advertisement for sex work in public telephone boxes. In this paper, I discuss the background to this Act, exploring the reasons why the presence of sex advertising in a public space has provoked a classic piece of 'moral panic' legislation. Highlighting the role of this new legislation in policing the boundaries between public and private space, the paper thus engages with key debates in social and cultural geography concerning the maintenance of socio–spatial order.     

经济全球化下中国经济升级对社会升级的影响

社会升级与经济升级的关系是近年来国际经济地理学关注的热点问题,也是尚未有决议的前沿问题。本文从就业、社会保障、基本权利和社会对话4个维度建立社会升级测度指标体系,采用经济计量模型揭示了社会升级各维度的影响因素及经济升级、经济全球化、政府治理与社会升级的关系。研究发现：① 社会升级的不同维度受经济升级、经济全球化和政府治理的不同影响。就业维度主要受政府管制的正向影响,社会保障主要受社会劳动生产率提高的正向影响,基本权利维度主要受经济质量效益、创新投入和进口贸易的正向影响,社会对话维度受经济质量效益、创新投入、创新效率和外资的正向影响。② 经济升级对社会升级具有促进作用,政府治理对这个促进关系起到了中介作用,同时该中介作用进一步受到经济全球化的正向调节影响。这表明政府治理对促进经济升级转化为社会升级起到重要的中介作用,且这一作用在经济全球化下可以得到增强。本文有助于加深认识经济升级促进社会升级的机制,为探讨中国经济和社会“双升级”发展提供理论基础。