从石峁遗址出土植物遗存看夏时代早期榆林地区先民的生存策略选择

石峁遗址是新石器时代晚期至夏时代早期榆林地区农牧交错带中的超大型中心聚落,产生于聚落林立、社会等级分化明显的社会复杂化进程中。文章通过鉴定与分析石峁遗址核心区皇城台地点东护墙北段上部、门址及大台基等区域浮选所获样品,结合已公布的外城东门、后阳湾等地点的植物遗存鉴定数据,对石峁遗址夏时代早期样品中出土的植物遗存进行综合研究。通过2012~2019年的浮选工作,共获得了187份夏时代早期样品,出土炭化植物遗存共计17816粒,其中农作物遗存8905粒,包括粟、黍、水稻及大豆;非农作物遗存包括非农作物种子和植物果核等共计61种植物,总数为8911粒,分属于禾本科、藜科、豆科、蔷薇科、菊科、蓼科等。结果显示,石峁先民夏时代早期的生业模式以农牧业并重为主、采集狩猎为补充。其中,农业结构以粟黍种植为主,还首次发现了少量水稻、大豆等可能为上层先民与周边地区交流获得的稀有食物;畜牧业中,主要利用胡枝子、草木犀、委陵菜属、冷蒿等饲草喂养黄牛、羊等主要家畜;同时,还存在采集果实等行为。石峁先民生业模式的选择是其人群受所处的农牧交错带环境影响产生的结果,"舍不得农业,离不开牧业"即是石峁先民及地区其他同时期人群的真实写照。多样化的生存策略、周边聚落的粮食输入及与其他区域中心的文化交流,保障和巩固了社会复杂化进程中石峁遗址的核心地位,并推动了地区早期国家的产生与发展。     

基于社会网络分析方法的二氧化碳地质封存风险传染特征研究

二氧化碳(CO₂)地质封存技术作为深度减排不可或缺的必要手段,对保护生态环境、推动全球中长期应对气候变化的国际合作以及推进社会绿色、循环、低碳发展具有重要意义。文章总结了二氧化碳地质封存项目全生命周期中可能出现的46个风险因素,运用社会网络分析方法构建风险网络关系模型,对二氧化碳地质封存项目风险因素间的传递作用关系进行了研究。通过风险网络整体与局部参数分析确定风险传递过程中的关键起始节点、关键致险节点、关键传递节点等关键因素,识别出三条潜在风险传递链：(1)地质灾害风险→CO₂供应、注入或运输意外中断风险→预期外的建设或操作成本变化风险;(2)操作人员知识不足或无相应资质风险→人为泄漏风险→项目对环境的破坏风险→公众参与风险→预期外的建设或操作成本变化风险;(3)部门协调不当风险→人才招聘和管理风险→操作人员知识不足或无相应资质风险→预期外的建设或操作成本变化风险。研究旨在为二氧化碳地质封存项目风险研究提供理论创新与技术参考,进而促进CO₂捕集、利用与封存项目的健康发展。     

Social impacts of climate change mitigation policies and their implications for inequality

The Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set ambitious targets for environmental, economic and social progress. Climate change mitigation policies play a central role in this process. To maximize the benefits and minimize the negative effects of climate change mitigation policies, policymakers need to be aware of the indirect and often complex social and inequality impacts that these policies may have and the pathways through which these impacts emerge. Better understanding of the distributional and inequality impacts is important to avoid negative social and distributional outcomes as countries ratchet up their climate policy ambition in the post-Paris context. This paper synthesizes evidence from the existing literature on social co-impacts of climate change mitigation policy and their implications for inequality. The analysis shows that most policies are linked to both co-benefits and adverse side-effects, and can compound or lessen inequalities depending on contextual factors, policy design and policy implementation. The risk of negative outcomes is greater in contexts characterized by high levels of poverty, corruption and economic and social inequalities, and where limited action is taken to identify and mitigate potentially adverse side-effects.

Key policy insights

• The risk of adverse social outcomes associated with climate change mitigation policies, including worsening inequality, increases as countries ratchet up their ambition to meet the Paris Agreement targets. Many policies that have so far only been piloted will need to be up-scaled.

• Negative inequality impacts of climate policies can be mitigated (and possibly even prevented), but this requires conscious effort, careful planning and multi-stakeholder engagement. Best results can be achieved when potential inequality impacts are taken into consideration in all stages of policy making, including policy planning, development and implementation.

• Climate change mitigation policies should take a pro-poor approach that, in best case scenarios, can also lead to a reduction of existing inequalities.

     

The Decentred Firm and the Adoption of Sustainable Office Space in Sydney,Australia

As the social, ecological and economic benefits of green buildings become more established, firms, especially professional service firms, are responding by adopting sustainable office space (SOS). Accelerating this uptake demands a nuanced appreciation of firms’ understandings of and motivations for adopting SOS. Through a qualitative study of professional service firms in Sydney, this paper brings together a decentred understanding of the contemporary firm drawn from the ‘new economic geographies’ approach and theories of corporate social responsibility to trace and interpret the diverse and overlapping motivations shaping the uptake of SOS amongst these firms. The firm is shown to be a site of plurality and agency, governed by multiple logics. Whilst motivations informed by economic logic remain persuasive and pervasive, the adoption of SOS is simultaneously informed by a wider palette of logics, including environmental and social logics. The paper argues that a decentred conceptualisation of the firm brings the multiplicity of firms’ orientations towards SOS into view and, in so doing, has the potential to inform a politics of intervention for steering firms towards more socially and environmentally sustainable behaviours.     

Listening to Others’ Voices (LOV) Project: An Empowering Strategy Incorporating Marginalized Perspectives

This study introduces the Listening to Others’ Voices (LOV) project, an empowering strategy in geography education. This research aims to create a dataset detailing the perspectives of negatively stereotyped countries with respect to how their countries are portrayed in geography textbooks and to investigate the pedagogical effects of the LOV project. Preservice teachers in South Korea selected so-called marginalized countries from world regional geography textbooks at the secondary education level and interviewed an ambassador or similar person. It was found that the interviewees hoped to emphasize positive images, such as economic development and a unique culture. In addition, some issues relevant to the classification of current world regions were explored. The participants indicated that they felt empowered in leading the completion of the project and that they understood that geographic knowledge is a social construct.     

社会关系嵌入与产业转移的区位选择——宁波服装业案例研究

从企业社会关系网络嵌入的视角,以宁波服装企业和机构为访谈调研对象,追寻众多宁波服装企业早期发展的历史,研究上海与宁波两地基于历史原因形成的社会关系嵌入——"红帮师傅"对上海服装业转移中区位选择的影响。研究发现,上海国有服装企业中宁波籍"红帮师傅",是理解上海服装企业在向外转移加工业务的过程中为何选择宁波服装企业的关键因素。在宁波服装业的早期发展阶段,"红帮师傅"充当了宁波服装企业与上海服装企业建立业务联系的桥梁,不仅将自己所在服装企业的加工业务介绍给宁波的服装企业,还利用自己的社会网络,将上海其它服装企业引荐给宁波服装企业,使宁波服装企业从上海获得了大量的加工业务。另外,"红帮师傅"还亲自或引荐其它服装技师为宁波的服装企业提供必要的技术指导。对理解非经济因素对产业转移区位选择的影响提供了一个有意义的实证案例,为欠发达地区吸引发达地区的产业转移提供了一种新的思路。     

快速城市化进程中的人口流出地乡村社会变迁研究——对山西省中部地区的实证研究

快速城市化进程中,农村劳动力大量涌入城市,乡村地区出现了诸多社会经济问题。在快速城市化的视角下,特别是从城市化对乡村影响的理论角度,对山西省中部地区的3个典型村庄进行实证研究。研究发现,农村劳动力外流现象十分突出,有外出务工人员的农户家庭比例超过60%,但也存在无特殊技能的高龄农民工回流的趋势。此外,研究还发现乡村出现了农村老龄化、留守妇女、留守儿童教育、传统乡土社会瓦解等问题。这些问题是快速城市化进程中不容回避的问题。     

旅游对目的地社会文化影响空间分异研究进展

对于旅游社会文化影响空间分异研究,国内研究相对较少,而国外已有相关的研究。由于研究的尺度、资源类型以及研究方法和目的不同,旅游影响区域会有不同的划分类型。归纳了4类旅游社会文化影响空间分异的相关理论：旅游罩和飞地旅游、RBD理论和旅游绅士化、旅行和旅游流模式、利益相关者理论。旅游罩、RBD理论、旅行模式比较适合解释小尺度的空间分异,而飞地旅游、旅游绅士化和旅游流模式比较适合解释大尺度的空间分异。最后,提出在旅游的规划和管理中,必须要考虑不同区域居民的不同观点和看法,只有这样才能保持旅游业的可持续发展。