非局部均值滤波在重力异常数据处理中的应用

根据小子域滤波原理,小子域滤波产生异常边界扭曲主要表现为高频干扰,提出小子域滤波与非局部均值滤波联合的方法以克服小子域滤波存在的异常边界扭曲问题。利用小子域滤波良好的边界增强能力和非局部均值滤波高频细节保护能力,在压制小子域滤波缺陷的同时尽可能保护小子域滤波的边界增强效果。通过模拟计算和莱州湾海域实测重力数据处理表明,本文方法在增强异常边界的同时压制小子域滤波产生的边界扭曲效应,获得了更好的重力异常处理效果。与单一小子域滤波相比,本文方法不需要考虑异常边界形态,具有更强的稳定性和普适性。     

Long-term hydrology and aquatic biogeochemistry data from H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest,Cascade Mountains,Oregon

The H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA) encompasses the 6400 ha Lookout Creek watershed in western Oregon, USA. Hydrologic, chemistry and precipitation data have been collected, curated, and archived for up to 70 years. The HJA was established in 1948 to study the effects of harvest of old-growth conifer forest and logging-road construction on water quality, quantity and vegetation succession. Over time, research questions have expanded to include terrestrial and aquatic species, communities and ecosystem dynamics. There are nine small experimental watersheds and 10 gaging stations in the HJA, including both reference and experimentally treated watersheds. Gaged watershed areas range from 8.5 to 6242 ha. All gaging stations record stage height, water conductivity, water temperature and above-stream air temperature. At nine of the gage sites, flow-proportional water samples are collected and composited over 3-week intervals for chemical analysis. Analysis of stream and precipitation chemistry began in 1968. Analytes include dissolved and particulate species of nitrogen and phosphorus, dissolved organic carbon, pH, specific conductance, suspended sediment, alkalinity, and major cations and anions. Supporting climate measurements began in the 1950s in association with the first small watershed experiments. Over time, and following the initiation of the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) grant in 1980, infrastructure expanded to include a set of benchmark and secondary meteorological stations located in clearings spanning the elevation range within the Lookout Creek watershed, as well as a large number of forest understory temperature stations. Extensive metadata on sensor configurations, changes in methods over time, sensor accuracy and precision, and data quality control flags are associated with the HJA data.     

Sea‐level rise impact on fresh groundwater lenses in two‐layer small islands

The fresh groundwater lenses (FGLs) of small islands can be highly vulnerable to climate change impacts, including sea‐level rise (SLR). Many real cases of atoll or sandy islands involve two‐layer hydrogeological conceptualizations. In this paper, the influential factors that affect FGLs in two‐layer small islands subject to SLR are investigated. An analytical solution describing FGLs in circular islands, composed of two geological layers, is developed for the simplified case of steady‐state and sharp‐interface conditions. An application of the developed model is demonstrated to estimate the FGL thickness of some real‐world islands by comparison with existing FGL thickness data. Furthermore, numerical modelling is applied to extend the analysis to consider dispersion effects and to confirm comparable results for both cases. Sensitivity analyses are used to assess the importance of land‐surface inundation caused by SLR, relative to other parameters (i.e. thickness of aquifer layers, hydraulic conductivity, recharge rate and land‐surface slope) that influence the FGL. Dimensionless parameters are used to generalize the findings. The results demonstrate that land‐surface inundation has a considerable impact on a FGL influenced by SLR, as expected, although the FGL volume is more sensitive to recharge, aquifer thickness and hydraulic conductivity than SLR impacts, considering typical parameter ranges. The methodology presented in this study provides water resource managers with a rapid‐assessment tool for evaluating the likely impacts of SLR and accompanying LSI on FGLs.     

Impacts of small cascaded hydropower plants on river discharge in a basin in Southern China

The run‐off volume altered by the construction of hydropower plants affects ecohydrological processes in catchments. Although the impacts of large hydropower plants have been well documented in the literature, few studies have been conducted on the impacts of small cascaded hydropower plants (SCHPs). To evaluate the impacts of SCHPs on river flow, we chose a representative basin affected by hydropower projects and, to a lesser degree, by other human activities, that is, the Qiuxiang River basin in Southern China. The observed river discharge and climate data during the period of 1958–2016 were investigated. The datasets were divided into a low‐impact period and a high‐impact period based on the number of SCHPs and the capacities of the reservoirs. The daily river discharge alteration was assessed by applying the Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration. To separate the impact of the SCHPs on the local river discharge from that of climate‐related precipitation, the back‐propagation neural network was used to simulate the monthly average river discharge process. An abnormal result was found: Unlike large reservoirs in large watersheds, the SCHPs regulated the flows during the flood season but were not able to mitigate the droughts during the dry season due to their limited storage and the commonly occurring inappropriate interregulations of the SCHPs. The SCHPs also reduced the annual average river discharge in the research basin. The contribution of the SCHPs to the river discharge changes was 85.37%, much higher than the contributions of climate change (13.43%) and other human activities (1.20%). The results demonstrated that the impacts of the SCHPs were different from those of large dams and reservoirs that regulate floods and relieve droughts. It is necessary to raise the awareness of the impacts of these river barriers.     

镇域传统产业集群创新网络演进特征及形成机理——以安徽高沟镇电缆产业为例

基于专利合作数据和实地调研数据,借助UCINET对安徽高沟镇电缆产业集群创新网络进行量化分析,揭示镇域传统产业集群创新网络的构成与演化特征,并运用多维邻近性理论探究其演化机理。研究表明：① 产业集群创新网络是由网络主体、网络联结和网络结构三大要素构成,要素之间相互联系、协同发展;② 镇域传统产业集群创新网络形成时间久,经历了初生期、结成期和发展期3个阶段,创新主体由单一转向多元、联结方式由非正式转向正式、联结强度由弱变强、联结结构由星型转向网状;③ 受地理位置、产业性质及经济基础的限制,地理邻近在镇域传统产业集群创新网络形成中具有重要作用;认知邻近存在滞后性,且其作用发挥一定程度上受到地理邻近制约;由于镇域传统产业集群自我创新能力较弱,创新网络对政府及合作组织的依赖性更强,制度邻近及组织邻近作用有待进一步凸显。     

Review on InSAR based displacement monitoring of Indian Himalayas: issues,challenges and possible advanced alternatives

Natural and man-made disasters like earthquakes, landslides, avalanches, unplanned mining are some of the most serious factors responsible for earth surface displacement. These incidences can be harmful for the society due to loss of life and also threatful for future urban development. Therefore, continuous monitoring of disasters in terms of displacements is of fundamental importance in a modern well-organized society to understand its effects on the social and economic fabric. Availability of SAR data has been proved to be an excellent source for estimation of surface displacements with high accuracies. However, in India, SAR interferometry-related displacement measurement has still not gained appreciable momentum. More rigorous research needs to be carried out for the efficient use of this new generation technique. This review article is an attempt to discuss the issues related to SAR-based displacement studies so far conducted on Indian Himalayan region and possible advanced alternatives.     

回族聚居地区新建型城镇空间增长格局研究——以宁夏吴忠市红寺堡镇为例

回族聚居地区新建型城镇一般是指西北民族地区在扶贫工程、生态移民工程、大村庄合并等补齐短板的小康社会建设中,在适宜生产生活区域建设的回族人口占比较大的新城镇,其受政府行为和城镇规划影响深刻,与普通城镇的空间自组织与他组织相结合增长过程有着明显区别。以宁夏中部扬黄新灌区吴忠市红寺堡镇为例,利用2005年、2010年和2016年3期遥感影像,运用土地利用动态度模型、空间自相关模型和核密度估算等方法,探讨回族聚居地区新建城镇的空间增长格局特征。结果表明：（1）红寺堡镇从早期居住用地占主体的用地模式逐步转变为居住-工矿仓储-公园绿地为主导的复合型用地模式,红寺堡镇作为新建城镇,城镇空间增长初期主要以公共服务与基础设施用地、商服用地、城市院落用地为主形成城市核心区,呈星型原始增长模式;随着城镇人口的增多,城镇空间增长速度加快,空间呈现轴带状及跳跃式的混合拓展增长,在城镇规划引导下,用地类型中公园与绿地等生态用地、以高层建筑为主的住宅小区和工矿仓储用地占比显著上升,用地模式逐渐向复合型用地模式转变。（2） Global Moran’s I指数研究显示,经过近10多年的城镇建设,尤其是在科学合理的城镇规划作用下,各用地类型的空间自相关在逐渐增强,空间格局呈现集聚态势;基于3次城镇规划及土地利用规划,以功能性用地的混合布局为特征,城镇用地的总体格局没有发生剧烈变化,仅在原有基础之上进行了微调,城镇空间增长趋于稳定,用地类型、用地结构比例趋于合理,新型小城镇建设成效初见端倪。（3）作为回族聚居小城镇,红寺堡镇区清真寺空间分布格局变化较小,总体呈现西南部相对密集,东北部相对稀少的特征,与各个时段内农业聚落大范围分布有密切关系;近些年镇区出现清真寺由低密度蔓延态势向高密度蔓延转变,这种变化主要受教派体系较多的回族文化特征影响,空间分布与各教派教众人口分布的随机性有较高的一致性。     

2016年6月海南一次龙卷过程分析

利用19612015年陕西省70个气象观测站的逐日降水资料,采用线性倾向估计、趋势分析及Mann Kendall等方法,分析了陕西省不同等级降水量、降水日数及降水强度的气候变化特征。结果表明：无论是降水量、降水日数,还是降水强度,均呈现出南多北少的分布特征,且随着降水级别的逐级增加,地区分布差异逐渐增大;整体上降水量和降水日数呈现出减少趋势,其中降水日数的下降趋势均非常显著,全省年均降水日数的气候倾向率达到了-3.83天·10a-1,通过了0.01的显著性检验,降水强度的增加趋势通过了0.05的显著性检验,每10 a全省年均降水强度增加0.15 mm·d-1;陕西降水量及降水日数的减少主要体现在春秋两季小雨及中雨的减少上,小雨降水强度在夏、秋两季的气候倾向率分别为0.05和0.04 mm·d-1·10a-1,其上升趋势分别通过了0.01和0.1的显著性检验,这是年均降水强度上升的主要原因;陕西年均降水量及降水日数自1984年出现了突变性下降,而降水强度的突变则出现在2004年,之后一直呈现持续的上升趋势。     

中小城市基本公共服务水平区域均等化的动态分析

选取基础教育、社会保障、基本医疗、公共文化四大类指标,利用2008—2013年我国26个省份163个中小城市的统计数据,测度了其基本公共服务水平区域均等化程度的动态变化。结果表明:中小城市基本公共服务平均水平呈上升趋势;基础教育和基本医疗的区域均等化程度较好,社会保障和公共文化的区域差异较大;基本公共服务水平表现出空间集聚发展态势,东高西低的分布格局呈加剧之势。优化公共财政体制建设,加强省份间协同发展是促进基本公共服务均等化的重要途径。     

旅游对古镇地方性的影响研究——基于周庄的多案例考察

综合运用倾听、照相、参与式观察、访谈、笔记等多种调研方法,选择能代表周庄旅游发展不同阶段、不同类型的游憩场所,收集田野调查数据,游客、居民、旅游从业者、旅游管理者的访谈数据,分析周庄古镇地方性多样化建构的过程。研究发现资本权力是空间生产的主要动力,是地方性形成的物质基础;文化知识影响社会空间的氛围,通过对社会秩序和关系的再生产影响地方性,文化中的艺术扮演了营造氛围的重要角色,间接培育地方性;民俗生活属于社会文化层面的软实力,发自内心的民俗活动促进了睦邻友好和相互交流,当地居民日常生活对权力和资本规训进行诗意的抵制,增加了地方的日常生活性。