云南地区强震前小震调制比特征分析

利用调制比时空扫描方法,对1973—2014年云南地区M_S≥6.0地震进行回溯性研究,分析强震前区域小震调制比时空演化过程。结果显示,从小震调制比异常开始至发震的持续时间为1.5 a之内,调制比异常的最高值需大于0.57,强震多发生在调制比为最高值时或其后14个月内异常区边界或内部调制比显著高值附近,震级随异常持续时间的延长大致呈增加的趋势;小滇西—滇西北地区的强震多发生在调制期内;从分区来看,滇西南强震多发生在调制比为最高值（R_m≥0.57）后6个月内的异常边界处,尤其是3个月内,滇西北强震多发生在最高值（R_m≥0.67）后7—12月内异常区内显著高值附近,滇东北强震多发生在最高值（R_m≥0.67）时的异常区内。     

采用偏心割刀处理小口径钻孔掉钻事故实践

偏心割刀切割钻杆、钻具,多应用在大口径工程施工钻中,在地质钻探施工中,偏心割刀可以用来切割套管、岩心管。在贵州省普安县青山镇泥堡二矿的钻探施工中,使用偏心割刀从钻杆的外面将钻杆切割掉,成功处理了一次复杂的钻孔事故。介绍了采用偏心割刀处理钻孔事故的技术措施及注意事项。     

明清时期南阳盆地城(集)镇职能组合结构探析

明清时期,南阳盆地由于人口的增长、农业经济和交通的发展,城(集)镇经济也逐步发展和繁荣起来,不同类型的城(集)镇职能组合结构开始形成。在原有的以政治、军事职能为主的城(集)镇基础上,出现了一批手工业集镇、商业集镇和交通集镇。其城(集)镇功能的消长表现在:以政治、军事职能为主的城(集)镇发展相对缓慢,以经济、商业职能为主的集镇得到迅速发展,商业集镇数量增加、人口增长、规模扩大、开市日期增多、集市广设店铺,出现了繁盛的局面。     

常熟市城镇用地扩展分析

以Landsat TM/ETM卫星遥感影像为数据源,以GIS为分析手段,通过扩展面积、扩展强度指数、分维数指数以及相关用地类型的土地资源分布重心坐标详细分析了常熟市建设用地(城区、城镇以及独立工业用地) 的时空特征,揭示了我国苏南经济发达地区城镇建设用地的扩展规律,分析了引起城镇建设用地扩张的驱动力。结果表明:(1) 撤并的建制镇镇区扩展强度远低于建制镇,但用地没有萎缩;(2) 建设用地加速扩展,但不均衡,分散格局没有改变;(3) 以市区为中心,以新港镇为副中心的城镇工业带和镇区连绵区正在逐渐形成;(4) 用地扩展从中心城区及周边为主,开始向沿江区域拓展;(5) 经济发展的速度始终是常熟市区各研究时段用地扩展的主导影响因子,相关政策指引着经济发展的方向,贯穿于常熟城镇用地扩展的全过程。     

Stratigraphic evolution of the nearshore to fluvial plain of the Upper Cuyo Group,Neuquén,Argentina

The upper portion of the Cuyo Group in the Zapala region, south‐eastern Neuquén Basin (Western Argentina), encompasses marine and transitional deposits (Lajas Formation) overlain by alluvial rocks (Challacó Formation). The Challacó Formation is covered by the Mendoza Group above a second‐order sequence boundary. The present study presents the stratigraphic framework and palaeophysiographic evolution of this Bajocian to Eo‐Calovian interval. The studied succession comprises the following genetic facies associations: (i) offshore and lower shoreface–offshore transition; (ii) lower shoreface; (iii) upper shoreface; iv) intertidal–subtidal; (v) supratidal–intertidal; (vi) braided fluvial to delta plain; (vii) meandering river; and (viii) braided river. The stratigraphic framework embraces four third‐order depositional sequences (C1 to C4) whose boundaries are characterized by the abrupt superposition of proximal over distal facies associations. Sequences C1 to C3 comprise mostly littoral deposits and display well‐defined, small‐scale transgressive–regressive cycles associated with fourth‐order depositional sequences. Such high‐frequency cycles are usually bounded by ravinement surfaces associated with transgressive lags. At last, the depositional sequence C4 delineates an important tectonic reorganization probably associated with an uplift of the Huincul Ridge. This is suggested by an inversion of the transport trend, north‐westward during the deposition of C1 to C3 depositional sequences (Lajas Formation) to a south‐west trend during the deposition of the braided fluvial strata related to the C4 depositional sequence (Challacó Formation).     

Topographical controls on small‐volume pyroclastic flows

Emplacement of small‐volume (<0·1 km³) pyroclastic flows is significantly influenced by topography. The Arico ignimbrite on Tenerife (Canary Islands) is a characteristic small‐volume pyroclastic flow deposit emplaced on high relief topography. The pyroclastic flow flowed down pre‐existing valleys on the southern slopes of the island. In proximal areas deep (up to 100 m) valleys acted as efficient conduits for the pyroclastic flow, which was mostly channelled; in this particular area the ignimbrite corresponds to a homogeneous, moderately welded deposit, consisting of flattened pumices in an abundant ashy matrix with a relatively low lithic fragment content. In intermediate zones significant changes occur in the steepness of the slope and, although still channelled, here the pyroclastic flow was influenced by hydraulic jumps. In this area, two different units can be clearly distinguished in the ignimbrite: the lower unit is composed of a lithic‐rich ground‐layer deposit that formed at the turbulent, highly concentrated head of the flow; the upper unit consists of a well welded pumice‐rich deposit that occasionally reveals a basal layer formed by shearing with the lower part. This division into two units is maintained as far as distal areas near the present‐day coastline, where the slope is very gentle or null and the ignimbrite is not channelled. The ground layer is not found in distal areas. The ignimbrite here only consists of the upper unit, which is occasionally repeated due to a surging process provoked by the lower flow speed, as the pyroclastic flow spread out of the channelled zone. A theoretical model on how topography controlled the deposition of the Arico ignimbrite is derived by interpreting the observed lithological and sedimentological variations in terms of changes in topography and bedrock morphology. This new model is of general applicability and will help to explain other deposits of similar characteristics.     

废黄河三角洲典型钻孔XJ01全新世地层与微体古生物记录

钻孔XJ01位于废黄河三角洲滨淮镇附近,钻孔中上更新统顶部与全新统有4个14C测年数据控制,该孔全新统岩性特征自下而上为潮间带含贝壳砾质砂层、浅海相淤泥质黏土层、三角洲前缘相深灰色粉砂、三角洲平原相黏土质粉砂及粉砂质黏土。全新统微体古生物分析结果详细地反映了废黄河三角洲典型区域各时期的沉积环境,其中,全新统下部见大量的有孔虫与海相介形虫,中部微体古生物略少,上部地层中海相介形虫增多。整个全新世微体生物组合揭示了一个河口变化的水动力控制沉积环境。     

非局部均值滤波在重力异常数据处理中的应用

根据小子域滤波原理,小子域滤波产生异常边界扭曲主要表现为高频干扰,提出小子域滤波与非局部均值滤波联合的方法以克服小子域滤波存在的异常边界扭曲问题。利用小子域滤波良好的边界增强能力和非局部均值滤波高频细节保护能力,在压制小子域滤波缺陷的同时尽可能保护小子域滤波的边界增强效果。通过模拟计算和莱州湾海域实测重力数据处理表明,本文方法在增强异常边界的同时压制小子域滤波产生的边界扭曲效应,获得了更好的重力异常处理效果。与单一小子域滤波相比,本文方法不需要考虑异常边界形态,具有更强的稳定性和普适性。     

Long-term hydrology and aquatic biogeochemistry data from H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest,Cascade Mountains,Oregon

The H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA) encompasses the 6400 ha Lookout Creek watershed in western Oregon, USA. Hydrologic, chemistry and precipitation data have been collected, curated, and archived for up to 70 years. The HJA was established in 1948 to study the effects of harvest of old-growth conifer forest and logging-road construction on water quality, quantity and vegetation succession. Over time, research questions have expanded to include terrestrial and aquatic species, communities and ecosystem dynamics. There are nine small experimental watersheds and 10 gaging stations in the HJA, including both reference and experimentally treated watersheds. Gaged watershed areas range from 8.5 to 6242 ha. All gaging stations record stage height, water conductivity, water temperature and above-stream air temperature. At nine of the gage sites, flow-proportional water samples are collected and composited over 3-week intervals for chemical analysis. Analysis of stream and precipitation chemistry began in 1968. Analytes include dissolved and particulate species of nitrogen and phosphorus, dissolved organic carbon, pH, specific conductance, suspended sediment, alkalinity, and major cations and anions. Supporting climate measurements began in the 1950s in association with the first small watershed experiments. Over time, and following the initiation of the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) grant in 1980, infrastructure expanded to include a set of benchmark and secondary meteorological stations located in clearings spanning the elevation range within the Lookout Creek watershed, as well as a large number of forest understory temperature stations. Extensive metadata on sensor configurations, changes in methods over time, sensor accuracy and precision, and data quality control flags are associated with the HJA data.     

Sea‐level rise impact on fresh groundwater lenses in two‐layer small islands

The fresh groundwater lenses (FGLs) of small islands can be highly vulnerable to climate change impacts, including sea‐level rise (SLR). Many real cases of atoll or sandy islands involve two‐layer hydrogeological conceptualizations. In this paper, the influential factors that affect FGLs in two‐layer small islands subject to SLR are investigated. An analytical solution describing FGLs in circular islands, composed of two geological layers, is developed for the simplified case of steady‐state and sharp‐interface conditions. An application of the developed model is demonstrated to estimate the FGL thickness of some real‐world islands by comparison with existing FGL thickness data. Furthermore, numerical modelling is applied to extend the analysis to consider dispersion effects and to confirm comparable results for both cases. Sensitivity analyses are used to assess the importance of land‐surface inundation caused by SLR, relative to other parameters (i.e. thickness of aquifer layers, hydraulic conductivity, recharge rate and land‐surface slope) that influence the FGL. Dimensionless parameters are used to generalize the findings. The results demonstrate that land‐surface inundation has a considerable impact on a FGL influenced by SLR, as expected, although the FGL volume is more sensitive to recharge, aquifer thickness and hydraulic conductivity than SLR impacts, considering typical parameter ranges. The methodology presented in this study provides water resource managers with a rapid‐assessment tool for evaluating the likely impacts of SLR and accompanying LSI on FGLs.