Stratigraphy and depositional setting of slurry and contained (reflected) beds in the Marnoso‐arenacea Formation (Langhian‐Serravallian) Northern Apennines,Italy

This work presents the stratigraphy and facies analysis of an interval of about 2500 m in the Langhian and Serravallian stratigraphic succession of the foredeep turbidites of the Marnoso‐arenacea Formation. A high‐resolution stratigraphic analysis was performed by measuring seven stratigraphic logs between the Sillaro and Marecchia lines (60 km apart) for a total thickness of about 6700 m. The data suggest that the stratigraphy and depositional setting of the studied interval was influenced by syndepositional structural deformations. The studied stratigraphic succession has been subdivided into five informal stratigraphic units on the basis of how structurally controlled topographic highs and depocentres, a consequence of thrust propagation, change over time. These physiographic changes of the foredeep basin have also been reconstructed through the progressive appearance and disappearance of thrust‐related mass‐transport complexes and of five bed types interpreted as being related to structurally controlled basin morphology. Apart from Bouma‐like Type‐4 beds, Type‐1 tripartite beds, characterized by an internal slurry unit, tend to increase especially in structurally controlled stratigraphic units where intrabasinal topographic highs and depocentres with slope changes favour both mud erosion and decelerations. Type‐2 beds, with an internal slump‐type chaotic unit, characterize the basal boundary of structurally controlled stratigraphic units and are interpreted as indicating tectonic uplift. Type‐3 beds are contained‐reflected beds that indicate different degrees of basin confinement, while Type‐5 are thin and fine‐grained beds deposited by dilute reflected turbulent flows able to rise up the topographic highs. The vertical and lateral distribution of these beds has been used to understand the synsedimentary structural control of the studied stratigraphic succession, represented in the Marnoso‐arenacea Formation by subtle topographic highs and depocentres created by thrust‐propagation folds and emplacements of large mass‐transport complexes.     

岩溶地区冲孔灌注桩的施工方法

以龙岩地区岩溶地带某一项目施工为例，分析冲孔灌注桩孔内漏浆、塌孔的原因，探讨在岩溶地区预防和处理塌孔的方法：改善泥浆品质，安放钢护筒，挤压黄土入裂隙，减小泥浆渗透，以及分层加入一定量水泥，使其形成水泥土护壁层。实践证明，诸类方法的使用可有效遏制孔内漏浆和塌孔，提高施工效率。     

Can the diffuse double layer theory describe changes in hydraulic conductivity of compacted clays?

Observations related to modifications of the hydraulic conductivity of compacted soils as a consequence of intentional compositional variation of the percolating fluid are often attributed vaguely to calculated changes in double layer thickness. The same calculated decrease or increase in double layer thickness is interpreted differently, depending on which (unconsciously held) boundary conditions authors take into account. The interpretations of different authors seem to be paradoxical only if the boundary conditions have not been mentioned. On the basis of a literature survey and own previously published test results the different boundary conditions have been grouped and divided into classes. With this division the interpretation of changes in double layer thickness will lead to unique interpretations and predictions of changes in hydraulic conductivity.     

Characterizing the rheology of laterite slurries

The viscous behaviour of laterite slurries was characterized by measurements of shear stress at constant and changing shear rates. Steady state stresses were obtained after accounting for the settling solids: the values show that the fluids possess viscosities of order 100 mPa s and are moderately shear-thinning, for solid volume fractions from 0.06 to 0.18 and for shear rates between 10 and 1000 s⁻¹. Transient stress measurements were made for steps down in shear rate and for ramps down and up in shear rate. It was found that the Bingham–Maxwell model provides good fits to the transient data, both at low concentrations, where yield behaviour is dominant, and at high concentrations, where elasticity is dominant. For volume fractions of 0.10 or greater, relaxation times were found from step tests to be of order 10 s, but relaxation times found from the ramp tests were generally several times higher.     

Additives for Slurry Shields in Highly Permeable Ground

Summary. For tunneling projects in saturated soils tunnel boring machines (TBMs) with slurry shields are widely used. However, in coarse, highly permeable soils the suspension penetrates the ground and the required support pressure cannot be built up. For the Zimmerberg Base Tunnel near Zurich permeabilities much greater than 10⁻³ m/s were expected. This value is usually considered as the critical limit for the applicability of slurry shields. Therefore it was aimed to find additives for the bentonite suspension which would allow it to attain a higher suspension pressure. For these investigations an apparatus has been developed. It allows the maximum attainable support pressure for a given suspension and a ground to be determined. It reflects the real situation, produces reproducible results and is insensitive to the inevitable variation of individual parameters. In the tests the additives polymer, sand and vermiculite were studied and their effects on the attainable maximum suspension pressure investigated. For the best combination, i.e. with a well defined proportion of the individual components, suspension pressures could be attained which were about 10 to 20 times higher than those with an ordinary bentonite suspension. Successful excavation of the Zimmerberg Base Tunnel proved the validity of the laboratory tests containing 200 kg bentonite per m³ water.     

环境矿物、SAP、化学固沙浆材综合治理荒漠初探

介绍了水玻璃-乙酸乙酯、植物栲胶化学固沙浆材在柱撑蒙脱石、缺铝型沸石的制备方法及性能,并将柱撑蒙脱石、缺铝型沸石、SAP、生根素等以一定的配比和方式复合在一起,制备成具有保水、保肥、保墒等多项功能的“复合富水营养包”,实验室初步证明,在无水、无肥、昼夜温差较大,不采取任何植保措施的情况下,营养包可使树苗在沙土中度过3个月的成活期。根据两种固沙浆材的特性及营养包的功能,提出一种新的治理沙漠的设想;用化学固沙浆材料在较大范围内固定流沙,为树木生长创造一个相对稳定的环境,然后用营养包保活单株树木,当大量树木构成规模林带、林地后,即可实现地下保水、地表固沙、地上成林三维结合的立体综合治荒目标。     

Bioavailability and Interaction of Si and P in a Coastal Saline Soil Amended with Pig Slurry

The effects of widely applied organic waste amendment on soil Si and P bioavailability and their interaction have rarely been investigated. The study examined bioavailability and interaction of Si and P in response to pig slurry (PS) amendment in a coastal saline (CS) soil. The final purposes of the study are to assess fertilizer Si and P needs and to ensure environmental quality. The results show that PS amendment can cause accumulation of bioavailable Si in surface soil (0–20 cm), and significantly improve both soil bioavailable P content and soil P lability through PS‐Si and P input, and by the input of PS‐organic matter (OM) and enhancing the complexation of OM with soil Si and P. As a result of the Si‐P competitive sorption, Si shows a more rapid increase in bioavailability than P at the preliminary stage of PS amendment. However, under the weakly alkaline conditions as a result of relatively long term PS amendment, the fixation capacity of Si by soil solid components increases causing a rapider decline of Si bioavailability than that of P.     

煤系复杂地层钻探护壁浆液研究与应用

基于护壁材料对浆液的流变性和失水及造壁性的影响,通过室内试验,研究了适用于煤系复杂地层的护壁浆液——膨润土-高聚物浆液。采用正交试验法得出护壁浆液的优化配方：5%膨润土+0.3% SM植物胶+0.04%聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）+1%腐植酸钾（KHm）。将这种高聚物低固相泥浆用于现场试验,在煤系复杂地层的钻探护壁中取得了良好的效果。     

深孔水力采矿碎岩与矿浆举升机具设计与试验

钻孔水力采矿技术作为一种新型非传统采矿方法,在开采易分散、疏松、多孔、弱胶结性等固体矿产时显示出独特的优点。基于钻孔水力采矿原理,主要对碎岩高压水枪工作原理和结构进行了研究,对矿浆举升系统等方面进行了优化设计,通过数值模拟分析和地表、孔内实物模型试验进行了设计验证,并研究了相应的钻孔水力采矿工艺,这些研究为未来深部固体矿产领域开发提供技术支撑。     

煤矿采空区充填墩台承载特性试验

高浓度浆液注入到采空区后形成充填墩台,墩台搭接尺寸将影响其上覆承载力。为掌握搭接尺寸对上覆承载力影响规律,选取水泥为胶结材料,标准砂为骨料,配制高浓度浆液,并利用3D打印技术制模制作墩台试样,进行单轴抗压试验。结果表明,单个墩台在顶面面积和高度一定时堆积角度越小极限承载力越大;堆积角30°和45°的搭接墩台试样的极限承载能力均在对应的单个墩台的2.0~3.5倍范围,试样硬化后,搭接墩台试样的极限承载力随着搭接尺寸的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势;采用墩台充填的方式进行采空区治理时,合理设置注浆孔间距,使所注浆液在采空区内部形成搭接墩台群,其承载效果优于均匀分布的单个墩台;堆积角30°搭接墩台的场地承载力整体优于堆积角45°的搭接墩台;采空区内取充填堆积角30°搭接墩台,且注浆孔间距为极限搭接尺寸的38.5%时,治理场地内整体承载力最大。研究成果将为高浓度浆液部分充填治理采空区的工程实施提供依据。