总磷作为饮用水生物稳定性控制指标的研究

根据国内提出的控制饮用水生物稳定性的可同化有机碳(AOC)标准,通过配制水样研究了AOC及细菌再生长潜力(BRP)同水中磷含量的关系;同时针对净水工艺试验出水水样,考察了水中的磷同其生物稳定性的关系。结果表明,对于配水水样,在一定的磷浓度范围内,磷是水中细菌生长的限制因子;在净水试验工艺出水水样中添加50μg/L的PO₄3--P后,AOC增加了55%,BRP增加了123%,表明水中磷是其生物稳定性的限制因子。由于常规的净水工艺对水中的磷可以有效去除,把水中总磷(TP)控制在5μg/L内来提高饮用水生物稳定性具有一定的可能性和现实性。     

斜坡地下水渗透力计算与稳定性分析

分析了基岩山区斜坡区域地下水的渗流模式,指出斜坡堆积体中地下水的一般特征,根据这个特征建立了条分法中斜坡渗透力的简易计算方法,用于改进传统的剩余推力法和Sarma法。该方法不需要额外补充参数,易于工程勘察人员掌握。提出通过极限状态考察斜坡安全储备的思路,对三峡库区某滑坡在水库蓄水前后的稳定性和安全储备进行了评价,结果表明传统方法计算的稳定性系数过高,当库水位快速下降时滑坡稳定性减弱,地下水渗透力是其中不可忽视的影响因素。     

五峰山斜坡变形破坏机制及稳定性分析

针对五峰山斜坡变形破坏的基本特征,运用板裂结构理论和宏观地质法,分析了斜坡变形的影响因素、破坏机制和稳定状况。认为五峰山斜坡变形是各种作用长期积累的结果,不论有无其它触发因素,在自然状态下斜坡均会发生变形,变形模式为由下坡至上坡发展的溃屈破坏。位于陡坡上的碎块物质,当临界雨强达到7 6mm 10min时,将发生坡面泥石流。该研究对长江沿岸类似条件下斜坡的稳定性评价和治理具有参考价值。     

京珠高速公路小塘至甘塘段煤系地层路堑高边坡稳定性分析与防治

京珠高速公路粤境小塘至甘塘段20m以上高度的煤系地层路堑边坡共计11处。岩层以全—强风化层为主,厚度20～40m,其物理力学性质大大降低,边坡可能发生平面破坏和圆弧破坏等2种破坏模式。部分地下水水质中SO2-4含量大于200mg l,具有强烈的硫酸盐侵蚀性。边坡防治对策应在详细勘察工程地质、水文地质的基础上,合理选用设置山坡截水沟、平台截水沟、泄水洞、边坡渗沟、排水仰孔等防、排水措施,减少地表水渗入坡体,疏干边坡表层地下水。     

PLS法与隧道围岩稳定性分类

围岩稳定性是隧道工程支护设计的基本参数,采用偏最小二乘回归法,综合考虑多因变量影响因素,对隧道围岩稳定性分类进行回归建模,并取得较好效果.     

海洋天然气水合物的地球物理研究(III):似海底反射

对天然气水合物研究中与似海底反射有关的一些观点进行讨论 ,以推动天然气水合物地震研究的认识 .30年的似海底反射研究表明 ,似海底反射仍然是指示天然气水合物沉积存在的最好手段之一 .有似海底反射 ,是可以认为存在天然气水合物的 .虽然存在“游离气带速度模型”与“水合物楔速度模型” ,但似海底反射主要由天然气水合物稳定带底界下方的游离气引起 .BSR上方的天然气水合物、下方的游离气与天然气再循环和含甲烷的流体流有关 .由于天然气水合物稳定带计算控制因素难以准确确定等因素 ,似海底反射与天然气水合物稳定带底界只是近似的对应关系 .需从动态的观点考虑天然气水合物 天然气体系及其与似海底反射的关系 .     

Decoupled seismic analysis of an earth dam

The seismic stability of an earth dam is evaluated via the decoupled displacement analysis using the accelerograms obtained by ground response analysis to compute the earthquake-induced displacements. The response analysis of the dam is carried out under both 1D and 2D conditions, incorporating the non-linear soil behaviour through the equivalent linear method. Ten artificial and five real accelerograms were used as input motions and four different depths were assumed for the bedrock.1D and 2D response analyses were in a fair agreement with the exception of the top third of the dam where only a 2D modelling of the problem could ensure that the acceleration field is properly described. The acceleration amplification ratio obtained in the 2D analyses was equal to about 2 in all the cases considered, consistently with data from real case histories.The maximum permanent displacements computed by the sliding block analysis were small, being less than 10% of the service freeboard; a satisfactory performance of the dam can then be envisaged for any of the seismic scenarios considered in the analyses.     

Bio-dependent bed parameters as a proxy tool for sediment stability in mixed habitat intertidal areas

The stability of cohesive and non-cohesive sediments in a mixed intertidal habitat within the Ria Formosa tidal lagoon, Portugal, was examined during two field campaigns as part of the EU F-ECTS project. The cohesive strength meter Mk III was used to determine critical erosion shear stress (τ_c) within a variety of different intertidal habitats and substrata, including Spartina maritima fields and Zostera noltii beds. The best predictor(s) for τ_c were derived from a range of properties measured for the surface sediments (chlorophyll a, colloidal carbohydrate, water, organic content, % fraction <63 μm, and seabed elevation). Pigment biomarkers were used to identify the dominant algal groups within the surface phytobenthic assemblage.Strong, seasonally dependent relationships were found between τ_c and habitat type, chl a, colloidal carbohydrate and bed elevation. Typically, critical erosion thresholds decreased seawards, reflecting a change from biostabilisation by cyanobacteria in the upper intertidal areas, to biostabilisation by diatoms on the bare substrata of the channel edges. In the late summer/early autumn, cyanobacteria were the main sediment stabilisers, and colloidal carbohydrate was the best bio-dependent predictor of τ_c across the entire field area. In the late winter/early spring, cyanobacterial activity was lower, and sediment stabilisation by Enteromorpha clathrata was important; the best predictor of τ_c was bed elevation. The implications and use of proxies for sediment stability are discussed in terms of feedback and sedimentation processes operating across the intertidal area.     

冻土路基表面的融化指数与冻结指数

在冻土层之上筑路，由于会改变地-气界面的热物理特性，进而影响冻土层的热力→动力稳定性，故而修筑一定高度的路基成为保护冻土层所采取的一种常规措施．在修筑路基之后，与路基边坡的朝向有关的热效应是冻土路基工程保护措施必须考虑的问题．在数理分析与数值模拟分析的基础上，给出了可根据气温的年最大和最小月平均值计算路基表面的融化指数与冻结指数以及有关热状况参数的方法，并以青藏铁路北麓河段2002年为例进行了计算分析．实例分析表明，即便是没有修筑道路，北麓河地区的冻土也已经处于临界状态；路基相对的两个坡面，由于朝向不同会造成温度分布的强非均匀性，其中南和偏南方向与北和偏北方向的路基坡面热状况差异最大，有必要对路基相对的两个坡面采用不同的防护措施，一方面改善就地取土修筑路基对其下伏冻土层的直接不良影响，同时也尽可能减小路基表面温度分布的非均匀性，以避免纵向裂缝的发生。     

Testing a model for predicting the timing and location of shallow landslide initiation in soil‐mantled landscapes

The growing availability of digital topographic data and the increased reliability of precipitation forecasts invite modelling efforts to predict the timing and location of shallow landslides in hilly and mountainous areas in order to reduce risk to an ever‐expanding human population. Here, we exploit a rare data set to develop and test such a model. In a 1·7 km² catchment a near‐annual aerial photographic coverage records just three single storm events over a 45 year period that produced multiple landslides. Such data enable us to test model performance by running the entire rainfall time series and determine whether just those three storms are correctly detected. To do this, we link a dynamic and spatially distributed shallow subsurface runoff model (similar to TOPMODEL) to an in?nite slope model to predict the spatial distribution of shallow landsliding. The spatial distribution of soil depth, a strong control on local landsliding, is predicted from a process‐based model. Because of its common availability, daily rainfall data were used to drive the model. Topographic data were derived from digitized 1 : 24 000 US Geological Survey contour maps. Analysis of the landslides shows that 97 occurred in 1955, 37 in 1982 and ?ve in 1998, although the heaviest rainfall was in 1982. Furthermore, intensity–duration analysis of available daily and hourly rainfall from the closest raingauges does not discriminate those three storms from others that did not generate failures. We explore the question of whether a mechanistic modelling approach is better able to identify landslide‐producing storms. Landslide and soil production parameters were ?xed from studies elsewhere. Four hydrologic parameters characterizing the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil and underlying bedrock and its decline with depth were ?rst calibrated on the 1955 landslide record. Success was characterized as the most number of actual landslides predicted with the least amount of total area predicted to be unstable. Because landslide area was consistently overpredicted, a threshold catchment area of predicted slope instability was used to de?ne whether a rainstorm was a signi?cant landslide producer. Many combinations of the four hydrological parameters performed equally well for the 1955 event, but only one combination successfully identi?ed the 1982 storm as the only landslide‐producing storm during the period 1980–86. Application of this parameter combination to the entire 45 year record successfully identi?ed the three events, but also predicted that two other landslide‐producing events should have occurred. This performance is signi?cantly better than the empirical intensity–duration threshold approach, but requires considerable calibration effort. Overprediction of instability, both for storms that produced landslides and for non‐producing storms, appears to arise from at least four causes: (1) coarse rainfall data time scale and inability to document short rainfall bursts and predict pressure wave response; (2) absence of local rainfall data; (3) legacy effect of previous landslides; and (4) inaccurate topographic and soil property data. Greater resolution of spatial and rainfall data, as well as topographic data, coupled with systematic documentation of landslides to create time series to test models, should lead to signi?cant improvements in shallow landslides forecasting. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.