Dipping-interface Mapping Using Mode-separated Rayleigh Waves

Multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) method is a non-invasive geophysical technique that uses the dispersive characteristic of Rayleigh waves to estimate a vertical shear (S)-wave velocity profile. A pseudo-2D S-wave velocity section is constructed by aligning 1D S-wave velocity profiles at the midpoint of each receiver spread that are contoured using a spatial interpolation scheme. The horizontal resolution of the section is therefore most influenced by the receiver spread length and the source interval. Based on the assumption that a dipping-layer model can be regarded as stepped flat layers, high-resolution linear Radon transform (LRT) has been proposed to image Rayleigh-wave dispersive energy and separate modes of Rayleigh waves from a multichannel record. With the mode-separation technique, therefore, a dispersion curve that possesses satisfactory accuracy can be calculated using a pair of consecutive traces within a mode-separated shot gather. In this study, using synthetic models containing a dipping layer with a slope of 5, 10, 15, 20, or 30 degrees and a real-world example, we assess the ability of using high-resolution LRT to image and separate fundamental-mode Rayleigh waves from raw surface-wave data and accuracy of dispersion curves generated by a pair of consecutive traces within a mode-separated shot gather. Results of synthetic and real-world examples demonstrate that a dipping interface with a slope smaller than 15 degrees can be successfully mapped by separated fundamental waves using high-resolution LRT.     

Basal‐topographic control of stationary ponds on a continuously moving landslide

The Slumgullion landslide in the San Juan Mountains of southwestern Colorado has been moving for at least the last few hundred years and has multiple ponds on its surface. We have studied eight ponds during 30 trips to the landslide between July 1998 and July 2007. During each trip, we have made observations on the variability in pond locations and water levels, taken ground‐based photographs to document pond water with respect to moving landslide material and vegetation, conducted Global Positioning System surveys of the elevations of water levels and mapped pond sediments on the landslide surface. Additionally, we have used stereo aerial photographs taken in October 1939, October 1940 and July 2000 to measure topographic profiles of the eight pond locations, as well as a longitudinal profile along the approximate centerline of the landslide, to examine topographic changes over a 60‐ to 61‐year period of time. Results from field observations, analyses of photographs, mapping and measurements indicate that all pond locations have remained spatially stationary for 60–300 years while landslide material moves through these locations. Water levels during the observation period were sensitive to changes in the local, spring‐fed, stream network, and to periodic filling of pond locations by sediment from floods, hyperconcentrated flows, mud flows and debris flows. For pond locations to remain stationary, the locations must mimic depressions along the basal surface of the landslide. The existence of such depressions indicates that the topography of the basal landslide surface is irregular. These results suggest that, for translational landslides that have moved distances larger than the dimensions of the largest basal topographic irregularities (about 200 m at Slumgullion), landslide surface morphology can be used as a guide to the morphology of the basal slip surface. Because basal slip surface morphology can affect landslide stability, kinematic models and stability analyses of translational landslides should attempt to incorporate irregular basal surface topography. Additional implications for moving landslides where basal topography controls surface morphology include the following: dateable sediments or organic material from basal layers of stationary ponds will yield ages that are younger than the date of landslide initiation, and it is probable that other landslide surface features such as faults, streams, springs and sinks are also controlled by basal topography. The longitudinal topographic profile indicated that the upper part of the Slumgullion landslide was depleted at a mean vertical lowering rate of 5.6 cm/yr between 1939 and 2000, while the toe advanced at an average rate of 1.5 m/yr during the same period. Therefore, during this 61‐year period, neither the depletion of material at the head of the landslide nor continued growth of the landslide toe has decreased the overall movement rate of the landslide. Continued depletion of the upper part of the landslide, and growth of the toe, should eventually result in stabilization of the landslide. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄海的地壳速度结构与中朝—扬子块体拼合边界

利用中国、韩国和ISC台站的地震走时数据反演了黄海地区的地壳P波速度结构,对比重力异常和断裂体系、Pn波速度及其各向异性,分析了不同地球物理异常的相互关系以及黄海东部和西部的结构差异,为厘定黄海东部断裂暨中朝—扬子块体的拼合边界提供了新的信息.反演结果表明,北黄海和南黄海西部具有沉积盆地的地壳结构特征,P波速度明显偏低且深度较大,说明盆地内部沉积层较厚、沉降幅度较大,以北黄海、南黄海海州湾和苏北—南黄盆地最为突出.南黄海中部、胶东半岛、辽东半岛和朝鲜半岛显示出构造隆起区的地壳速度特征,其中南黄海中部的高速异常具有北东方向的伸展痕迹,与胶东地区的区域构造走向趋于一致,但是与朝鲜半岛的高速异常并不相连,其间存在明显的分界.据此推测南黄海与朝鲜半岛之间可能存在一个近南北方向的深断裂——黄海东部断裂,至于该断裂是否可以作为中朝—扬子块体在海区的拼合边界,尚需获取黄海东部及朝鲜半岛更详细的相关资料提供依据.     

川西地区壳幔结构与汶川MS8.0级地震的孕震背景

收集了四川数字地震台网记录的57个远震事件,并从宽频带数字化三分量地震记录中计算出了马尔康（MEK）、都江堰（YZP）、中江（JJS）、江油（ZJG）、广元（YTS）、康定（GDS）、汉源（XJP）、雅安（MDS）、峨眉山（EMS）、沐川（WMP）、仁寿（YGD）、荣县（HMS）等12个台站下方的远震P波径向接收函数.另外,引入地震勘探中的动校正技术,将各台的接收函数校正到67°的参考震中距处,然后对接收函数进行叠加以增强信号,并把叠加接收函数作为台站下方的平均接收函数.最后,利用台站下的平均接收函数反演得到S波速度结构.反演结果表明：以锦屏山—龙门山断裂为界,其西侧地壳厚达70 km,而东侧仅为50 km左右,Moho面在断裂下方形成了一个陡坎;川西地区的地壳速度结构与川中地区差异较大,主要表现在川西地区的中地壳存在厚度为8~22 km的低速层.在都江堰、雅安一带,低速层的厚度最大,其厚度在20~22 km之间,其上地壳为一个坚硬固体,在区域构造应力场作用下,形成了孕育大地震的构造环境.     

双平方根波动方程偏移速度分析

传统的剩余校正（RMO）偏移速度分析方法基于走时原理,在陡倾角和欠照明地区,因为不能得到充分的角度域信息而失效.本文将展示一种基于波场延拓理论的偏移速度分析方法,即波动方程偏移速度分析（WEMVA）.这种方法先利用成像优化方法获得剩余成像,再利用剩余成像反演剩余速度.此类方法继承了波动方程偏移方法的优点和缺点.波动方程偏移速度分析是一种线性反演方法,它要求对Born近似的展开序列作一阶截断.高阶部分的丢失必然带来巨大的截断误差,因此剩余成像必须也进行线性化,以适应大速度扰动和大延拓步长.因此,在此类算法中,剩余成像的获取和线性化是偏移速度分析的关键.在叠前偏移算子中,因为双平方根算子的数学表达式更为简洁,所以本文基于对波动方程偏移速度分析初步讨论,并通过模型验证其原理.     

远震层析成像在柴西狮子沟构造背景研究中的应用

利用2004——2007年在柴达木盆地西部狮子沟地区布设的地震台站的连续观测资料,挑选远震P波到时,采用远震体波走时层析成像方法进行反演处理,获得了该地区地下三维速度结构图象．反演结果表明,在研究观测地区西南侧存在一近北西走向的低速异常体,以较大倾角向北东方向插入;在该低速异常体的北部、东北部和东部环绕着相对高速的异常,其走向和分布范围基本与狮子沟背斜构造一致．      

重庆市砚石台煤矿煤层流变特征及规律探讨

以构造变形强烈的重庆市砚石台煤矿为例,通过井下煤层的观测与煤标本的显微镜观察,分析了煤层中的宏观与微观流变特征,并结合煤层构造的发育特征,总结了煤层流变的控制因素、发育规律及其成因。研究结果认为,砚石台煤矿存在不同程度的煤层流变现象,煤层流变程度受控于层滑作用、煤层构造、煤层层位和煤层倾角等因素。受其影响,煤层流变强烈地段主要集中在4号煤层的地层产状平缓处,次级构造密集发育和层滑作用强烈地段。      

Exact solution of earth-flattening transformation for P-SV waves: Taking surface wave as an example

Taking surface wave as an example this paper proposes an exact solution of earth-flattening transformation for P-SV waves and discusses the applicability of the approximate methods. The results show that the transform parameter m has little influence on the final results, and on the condition of short wave approximation, approximate earth-flattening transformation is suitable. Moreover, the efficiency of approximate transformation is twice of that of exact transformation. For low frequency problems exact earth-flattening transformation should be used.     

Progress in studies on the structure and physical properties of the mantle in China

The studies on the structure and physical properties of the mantle by Chinese geophysicists from 2003 to 2007 are reviewed in this report. It mainly contains studies on the seismic velocity structure of the mantle,anisotropy of the mantle,mantle discontinuities,mantle convection and the physical properties of mantle. The review concerns mainly the contents,the methods used and the results of the studies. It can be found that new progress in the study on the structure and physical properties of mantle has been made in the last four years in China. In some preexis-tent areas much progress has been made,advanced methods have been adopted,extensive international co-operation has been conducted in many ways,and the scope of the co-operation has gradually expanded. More-over,some new fields appear as well.     

The effect of discontinuity frequency on ground vibrations produced from bench blasting: A case study

A good number of empirical formulae and methods dealing with the analysis of the effects of blast-induced ground vibrations have been developed. The most common approach suggested for estimating the attenuation of particle velocity on the ground is to scale the distance (scaled distance, SD). This approach makes it possible to estimate the peak particle velocity when the amount of explosive charge or the distance or both are altered.Many parameters known to have an influence on particle velocity have been used for particle velocity prediction equations. Some of these parameters are maximum charge per delay, the distance between the station and shot location, burden, inelastic attenuation factor and site factors. However, the impacts of the discontinuities existing on the benches where blasts are detonated on the propagation velocity of seismic waves have not been taken into consideration in these equations.This study aims to examine the impacts of the discontinuity frequency parameter derived through geological measurements carried out on the blasting benches or nearby in a quarry mine (Supren, Eskisehir) in Turkey on the propagation of blast-induced ground vibrations. Developed based on the geological observations carried out on the benches, the model was formed by adding discontinuity frequency parameter to the particle velocity prediction model suggested by Nicholls et al. [Nicholls HR, Johnson CF, Duvall WI. Blasting vibrations and their effects on structures. Bulletin no. 656. Washington, DC: US Bureau of Mines; 1971]. In order to research the effect of the discontinuity frequency in the bench on the blast-induced ground vibrations, the relationship between the recorded peak particle velocity, scaled distance and discontinuity frequency was statistically evaluated for the site. The established relationship and the results of the study are presented.