Antibacterial activity of extracts from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zostera marina</Emphasis> against pathogens of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apostichopus japonicus</Emphasis> skin ulceration disease

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of extracts from Zostera marina against the pathogens of Apostichopus japonicus skin ulceration disease. When 95% ethanol (v/v) solvent was used to extract Zostera marina at 50°C, aqueous extract (ZA) showed obvious bacteriostatic effects on the tested bacterial strains (inhibition halo diameters between 8.23 mm and 13.62 mm), whereas the ethyl acetate extract (ZE) was almost inactive. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ZA against four pathogens were homogeneous at 12.8 g L⁻¹. ZA components were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) assay and six fractions were obtained. In another study, the six fractions showed inhibitory effects against the tested bacteria while their functions seemed to counteract the ZA activity.     

堆载条件下单桩负摩阻力模型试验研究

通过对粉土中混凝土单桩竖向静载荷的模型试验,分析了在桩周土堆载条件下,端承桩、摩擦端承桩在桩周土含水率变化时,桩侧摩阻力、桩端阻力的变化规律及不同土层的沉降、“中性点”位置和下拽力的变化。研究发现,摩擦端承桩“中性点”位置随桩周土含水率、堆载等级的变化而变化,在最优含水率附近,土层的下陷量较大,致桩体沉降量也大,故“中性点”的位置会有所上升;随着桩周土堆载的增大,桩周土对桩侧的下拽力也增大,桩体进一步下陷,使桩土相对位移反而减少,“中性点”有所上升。     

PHC管桩和预制方桩受力性状试验对比分析

通过在同一场地的预应力高强混凝土管桩（PHC桩）和预制方桩中埋设钢筋应力计的静载对比试验,比较了两类桩的荷载-沉降曲线、桩身轴力分布情况、桩侧摩阻力和桩端摩阻力发挥性状的异同,研究了PHC管桩的荷载传递机制,发现其侧阻和端阻的发挥规律与预制方桩相同,但在PHC管桩和方桩侧表面积相近的条件下,在最大试验荷载作用时,两者的侧阻和端阻发挥程度不同,PHC管桩平均单位侧阻比预制方桩低8.1 %,而端阻比方桩高24 %以上。     

PCC桩负摩阻力作用机理初探

负摩阻力问题广泛存在于桩基工程中。PCC桩（现浇混凝土薄壁管桩）技术是河海大学自主研发的新型地基加固处理技术,而目前对PCC桩负摩阻力研究成果较少。结合以往研究实心桩的成果和PCC桩自身的特点,基于太沙基固结理论,探讨了PCC桩负摩阻力作用机理。研究表明,在PCC桩内部不产生负摩阻力,可以用原有方法计算外部负摩阻力,推导出其将在今后试验进一步验证。     

负摩擦作用下PCC桩沉降计算

从桩-土相互作用的机制出发,建立了均质地基中PCC桩负摩阻力传递的弹性微分方程。提出了基于有限差分法的一种桩身位移的迭代算法,计算结果表明,该计算方法收敛性好,且符合实际情况。根据中性点定义得出其位置在桩身中下部,与以往的研究结果相吻合。结果还表明,PCC桩比等截面的实心桩有较小的沉降。     

加载次序引起的负摩阻力桩摩阻力分布的变化

简要分析了加载次序对于负摩阻力桩基桩土相互作用影响的机理。采用有限元方法计算比较了这种差异。计算结果表明,加载次序的变化会引起桩身摩阻力分布、中性点位置和下拉力的变化。桩身摩阻力的分布差异主要是桩身上部负摩阻力的大小,负摩阻力先出现时的负摩阻力值较小,这种状况在各级桩顶荷载下不会改变。负摩阻力先出现时,中性点的位置比较低,两者的差距随着桩顶荷载的增大而变得加大。负摩阻力先出现时下拽力小于桩顶荷载先施加的情况。这对于负摩阻力桩基检测的研究和应用是有益的。     

COOL AND FRESHWATER SKIN OF THE OCEAN DURING RAINFALL

Rainfall over the sea modifies the molecular boundary layers of the upper ocean through a variety of different effects. These cover the freshwater flux stabilizing the near-surface layer, additional heat flux established due to rain versus surface temperature differences, modification of physical parameters by temperature and salinity changes, enhancement of the surface roughness, damping of short gravity waves, surface mixing by rain, and transfer of additional momentum from air to sea. They are separately described and included in our surface renewal model to investigate the rain's influence on the cool skin of the ocean and the creation of a haline molecular diffusion layer. Simulations with the upgraded model show that the most important effect on the conductive layer is that of reduced renewal periods followed by additional surface cooling due to rain on the order of 0.1 K. At rain rates below 50 mm h-1 rainfall is not able to completely destroy the mean temperature difference across the cool skin. A freshwater skin is created that exhibits a salinity difference exceeding 4 under strong rainfall. Comparisons with field data of the cool skin taken during the Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment confirm the upgraded renewal model. Surface salinity measurements taken during the same field campaign are consistent with the calculated salinity differences across the freshwater skin. The enhancement of surface roughness by natural rain is less pronounced than described in earlier laboratory studies of rain with large drop sizes only.     

绿鳍马面鲀(Navodon septentrionalis)鱼皮胶原蛋白的分离纯化及理化性质研究

利用酸溶法和酶溶法分离纯化绿鳍马面鲀(Navodon septentrionalis)鱼皮酸溶性胶原蛋白(ASC)和酶溶性胶原蛋白(PSC),并对所得的ASC和PSC的氨基酸组成、亚基组成、红外光谱(FTIR)、黏度和热变性温度,以及溶解度等性质进行系统分析。研究结果表明:马面鲀鱼皮酸溶性胶原蛋白(ASC)和酶溶性胶原蛋白(PSC)的得率分别为0.87%±0.15%和9.52%±0.41%(按鱼皮干重计算)。ASC和PSC中含有的主要氨基酸为甘氨酸(Gly),含量分别为323.3残基/1000残基和321.7残基/1000残基;二者中所含的亚氨基酸含量分别为191.1/1000残基和183.4/1000残基。氨基酸组成分析、SDS-PAGE和FTIR证实马面鲀鱼皮酸溶性胶原蛋白(ASC)为I型胶原蛋白,且其SDS-PAGE图中的亚基组成(α1-肽链和α2-肽链)、氨基酸序列,以及胶原蛋白构型与PSC明显不同。ASC和PSC的热变性温度(Td)分别为21.5℃和18.9℃,显著低于哺乳动物来源的胶原蛋白。ASC和PSC的最大溶解度出现在p H 2—3时,当Na Cl的浓度低于2%时,二者的溶解度就开始急剧下降。此外,冻干的胶原蛋白显示出疏松多孔的超微结构。综上,相对于哺乳动物类胶原蛋白,马面鲀鱼皮ASC和PSC的亚氨基酸含量和热变性温度较低,结构稳定性差,易于降解,可作为胶原蛋白肽的制备原料进行开发利用。     

Scraping and extirpating: two strategies to induce recovery of diseased Gorgonia ventalina sea fans

Coral diseases are currently playing a major role in the worldwide decline in coral reef integrity. One of the coral species most afflicted by disease in the Caribbean, and which has been the focus of much research, is the sea fan Gorgonia ventalina. There is, however, very little information regarding the capacity of sea fans to recover after being infected. The aim of this study was to compare the rehabilitation capacity of G. ventalina after diseased‐induced lesions were eliminated either by scraping or extirpating the affected area. Scraping consisted of removing any organisms overgrowing the axial skeleton from the diseased area as well as the purple tissue bordering these overgrowths using metal bristle brushes. Extirpation consisted of cutting the diseased area, including the surrounding purpled tissue, using scissors. The number of scraped colonies that fully or partially rehabilitated after being manipulated and the rates at which the sea fans whose lesions were scrapped grew back healthy tissue were compared among: (i) colonies that inhabited two sites with contrasting environmental conditions; (ii) colonies of different sizes and (iii) colonies with different ratios of area of legions to total colony area (LA/CA). Both strategies proved to be very successful in eliminating lesions from sea fans. In the case of scraping, over 51% of the colonies recovered between 80% and 100% of the lost tissue within 16 months. The number of colonies that recovered from scraping was similar among sites and among colony sizes, but differed significantly depending on the relative amount of lesion to colony area (LA/CA). When lesions were extirpated, lesions did not reappear in any of the colonies. We conclude that lesion scraping is useful for eliminating relatively small lesions (i.e. LA/CA < 10%), as these are likely to recover in a shorter period of time, whereas for relatively large lesions (LA/CA ≥ 10%) it is more appropriate to extirpate the lesion.     

烧伤病人中应用CHIMEHERB人工皮的临床研究

1989年4月～1990年10月期间,由全国组成的临床研究组10个烧伤单位对CHIMEHERB人工皮进行全面临床研究.研究目的是:(1)探索应用方法.(2)明确适应症.(3)评价疗效.在260例烧伤病人中,共应用365个不同类型创面,有效率为90.5％,其中优良率为79.7％.研究指出,CHIMEHERB人工皮的性能适合于作为暂时性创面覆盖物,对上皮生长具有有利影响,未发现占位和排斥现象,以及过敏和其他不良反应.主要适用于(1)供皮区,(2)Ⅱ°烧伤创面.(3)深Ⅲ°烧伤脱痂和削痂创面.(4)网状植皮和小皮片(或条状)植皮创面。(5)残余肉芽创面.亦可用于切痂创面.但不适于深Ⅱ°新鲜创面和切痂嵌皮.感染创面应用CHIMEHERB人工皮应结合抗感染措施.应用人工皮创面需良好包扎与固定.人工皮下渗出物多需引流.