海洋水色卫星遥感器特性参数探讨

为了评价海洋水色卫星遥感器特性参数的优劣，确定仪器的计量特性及其使用价值，准确的理解和科学的定义仪器的特性参数是非常重要的。作者曾有幸参加了海洋水色卫星的立项论证工作，本文就作者的一些工作体会，对海洋水色卫星遥感器的特性参数作初步探讨。     

A rational approach to seepage flow effects on bottom friction beneath random waves

The bottom friction beneath random waves is predicted taking into account the effect of seepage flow. This is achieved by using wave friction factors for rough turbulent, smooth turbulent and laminar flow valid for regular waves together with a modified Shields parameter which includes the effect of seepage flow. Examples using data typical to field conditions are included to illustrate the approach. The analytical results can be used to make assessment of seepage effects on the bottom friction based on available wave statistics. Generally, it is recommended that a stochastic approach should be used rather than using the rms values in an otherwise deterministic approach.     

Trimmed L-moments (1,0) for the generalized Pareto distribution

Abstract

Statistical analysis of extremes is often used for predicting the higher return-period events. In this paper, the trimmed L-moments with one smallest value trimmed—TL-moments (1,0)—are introduced as an alternative way to estimate floods for high return periods. The TL-moments (1,0) have an ability to reduce the undesirable influence that a small value in the statistical sample might have on a large return period. The main objective of this study is to derive the TL-moments (1,0) for the generalized Pareto (GPA) distribution. The performance of the TL-moments (1,0) was compared with L-moments through Monte Carlo simulation based on the streamflow data of northern Peninsular Malaysia. The result shows that, for some cases, the use of TL-moments (1,0) is a better option as compared to L-moments in modelling those series.

Citation Ahmad, U.N., Shabri, A. & Zakaria, Z.A. (2011) Trimmed L-moments (1,0) for the generalized Pareto distribution. Hydrol.Sci. J. 56(6), 1053–1060.     

边坡加固的抗震性能参数分析

传统基于瑞典法的边坡加固抗震性能参数分析,通过建立强度参数与临界滑动面对应关系完成推导,由于因荷载过大,边坡建筑物抗震性能降低,准确率不高等问题,提出新的边坡加固抗震性能参数分析方法,对边坡加固的抗震性能参数进行分析,更好地通过加固提高其抗震性能。运用新型边坡加固抗震性能参数分析方法,采用基于极向条分的极限分析上限法和非线性Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则,分析边坡加固措施对边坡抗震性能的影响,通过对比有、无加固措施状态下不同能量功率的运算确定边坡抗震性能,利用MATLAB软件获取边坡加固抗震性能参数的最优解。经实验证明,边坡潜在破坏范围受边坡坡顶受荷和边坡加固情况的作用较大,地震荷载系数及非线性系数越大,土体强度非线性越小,边坡抗震性能受地震荷载的作用也越大。边坡抗滑桩最优抗震支护方位位于X_F/L_x=0.7处,在地震荷载从0上升至0.2的情况下,非线性系数为1.2、1.4、1.6以及2.0时的边坡抗震性能分别下降了40.1%、46.8%、57.5%以及61.5%。新型的抗震性能参数分析方法有效地提高了结果准确率,对边坡加固的抗震性能能达到准确分析。     

Observations and simulations of an unsteady island wake in the Firth of Forth, Scotland

Beamer Rock, a 50-m-wide island in the Firth of Forth, produces a distinctive von Kármán vortex street wake, the characteristics of which depend on the speed and direction of the tidal flow. ADCP (acoustic Doppler current profiler), CTD (conductivity–temperature–depth) and aerial photograph data were collected from the region during flood and ebb tidal flow under neap and spring conditions. Good agreement was found between the observations and the results from a fixed-grid depth-averaged numerical tidal model. The island wake parameter correctly predicted the unsteady nature of the wake, and the Strouhal number (defined in terms of flow past a circular cylinder) was found to give excellent predictions of the wake wavelength when scaled on the island width. Contrary to published results, the study shows that it is possible to accurately simulate an unsteady island wake using a relatively coarse fixed-grid numerical model.Responsible Editor: Jens Kappenberg     

云南中小地震矩震级的测定

利用云南省测震台网的数字地震波形资料,反演了2008年1月至2012年9月675个中小地震的震源波谱参数,并计算了这些地震的地震矩M0和矩震级Mw,最后利用回归分析方法得到了近震震级ML和Mw之间的关系式.     

豫北地区视应力时空变化特征

利用2008年以来豫北地区49次M_L 2.5以上地震资料,通过Brune模型,结合遗传算法,反演计算得到豫北地区地震视应力范围为0.029 9 MPa—0.642 MPa,平均视应力为0.174 8 MPa,分析该区视应力时空变化特征,讨论震级和能量的关系,结果表明,豫北地区目前处于应力积累阶段,应力高值集中在聊兰断裂濮阳—鄄城段范县地区。     

HOLOCENE ACTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORTHERN SEGMENT OF THE MINJIANG FAULT IN THE EASTERN MARGIN OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU

As a part of the north-south seismic zone in China, a lot of M6.0-7.2 earthquakes have occurred in the margin faults of the Minshan block in history. This work attempted to characterize the geometry and activity of the north section of the Minjiang fault in this region based on high-resolution satellite images, geologic and geomorphic investigations, micro-geomorphic surveys, and trench excavation. The results show left-lateral-slip and Holocene activity of this structure. Along it, the offset landform has a continuous linearity on Ⅱ terraces near the Chuanpan village. The vertical height of the fault scarp measures 3.1 meters, which is almost the same as the accumulative horizontal displacement of the gully. The accumulative horizontal shortening due to faulting is 3.0 meters. Calculation using the model of displacement-dependent characteristic earthquakes shows both the vertical and horizontal co-seismic displacements and the horizontal shortening amount are about 1.0 meter. While strata dating suggests that the vertical and horizontal slip rates are all about 0.7-0.9mm/a, and the horizontal shortening rate is approximately 1.0-1.1mm/a. The excavated trench, perpendicular to the fault trace, reveals low-angle thrust dipping in 260åt 29°. From the relationship of the fault, colluvial wedge and stratigraphy ages, three palaeoseismic events are identified from youngest to oldest at 0-295a BP, 1 405-1 565a BP, and 2 750-2 875a BP, respectively, with recurrence intervals 1 110-1 565 years and elapsed time about 0-295 years。According to the relationship between magnitude and active parameters, it is considered that the northern segment of the Minjiang fault is capable of generating M7 or greater earthquakes. Now it is in the process of stress accumulation, having a certain seismic risk.     

微型抗滑桩单桩设计计算模型及算法研究

考虑微型桩与周围岩土体间摩擦力的作用,提出了一种新的微型抗滑桩单桩设计计算模型,并给出了具体算法。由微型桩加固滑坡体的变形特点,分析微型桩与岩土体之间的相互作用机制,将微型桩与周围岩土体的摩擦作用引入其受力分析中;根据微型桩上各部分受力特点的不同,将微型桩分成上部摩擦受拉段、中部滑坡推力作用段和下部锚固段3段进行分析,推导了微型桩总的变形控制方程及各分段的变形控制方程;采用初参数法对控制方程进行求解,得到了微型抗滑桩上的内力分布及变形规律。计算结果表明,在滑坡推力作用下,微型桩的变形主要发生在滑面附近及以上桩段,滑面附近桩段将产生较大的内力和弯曲变形,受拉段弯曲变形较小,近似水平移动;桩与岩土体间的摩擦力是微型桩与周围岩土体相互作用的重要组成部分,摩擦力的作用能显著减小微型桩的弯曲变形,有效控制滑坡体的位移。     

渗流场反分析及其在多孔介质中的应用

本文讨论了复杂地质环境中渗流场的反分析问题，利用地下水流数值模拟结合最优化技术，通过对地下渗流场的模拟和寻优，求得描述地下含水介质非稳定渗流场的重要参位──渗透系数和给水度的模型解，并应用于各向同性的多孔介质渗流场反分析实例中。