Geochemistry and geochronology of multi-generation garnet: New insights on the genesis and fluid evolution of prograde skarn formation

Origin of garnet in skarn (magmatic vs. hydrothermal) and the prograde skarn fluid evolution are still controversial. Two generations of garnet (Grt1, Grt2) were identified at the Tongshankou deposit: Grt1 is anisotropic with oscillatory zoning and resorbed boundary, whilst Grt2 grew around Grt1 and formed oscillatory rims. In-situ LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of Grt1 and Grt2 yielded a lower intercept ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 142.4 ± 2.8 Ma (n = 57; MSWD = 1.16) and 142.3 ± 9.6 Ma (n = 60; MSWD = 1.06), respectively, coeval with the ore formation and ore-related granodiorite emplacement. Positive Eu anomaly, non-CHARAC Y/Ho value and low TiO₂ content, together with the mineral assemblages indicate that both Grt1 and Grt2 have a hydrothermal origin. The existence of melt and melt-fluid inclusions in Grt1, together with similar LREE-enriched patterns to the granodiorite, further indicate that Grt1 may have formed in the magmatic-hydrothermal transition. Higher U contents and LREE-enriched patterns of Grt1 indicate that fluid I is mildly acidic pH and low fO₂. The inner gray Grt2 rims (Grt2A) is HREE-enriched with low U contents, indicating that fluid II has nearly neutral pH and high fO₂. The wider Y/Ho range and LREE-enriched patterns of the outer light-gray Grt2 rims (Grt2B) show that the evolved magmatic fluid II had mixed with an external fluid, characterized by being mildly acidic pH and with high fO₂. Our results suggest that the prograde skarn-forming fluids can be multistage at Tongshankou, and the mixing of meteoric water may have been prominent in the prograde skarn stage.     

南岭东段岩前矽卡岩型钨矿成矿流体研究

南岭东段以石英脉型钨矿集中产出而闻名于世,岩前钨矿是该地区新近发现的中型矽卡岩型钨矿。本文在详细矿床地质和成矿期次研究基础上,对矽卡岩型矿体各成矿阶段的代表性矿物石榴子石、白钨矿、石英、方解石及矽卡岩附近白钨矿 黑钨矿石英脉中石英的流体包裹体进行了系统的岩相学、显微测温、激光拉曼光谱分析和氢氧同位素地球化学研究。岩前钨矿流体包裹体类型主要为富液相两相水溶液I型包裹体和含CO2三相水溶液Ⅳ型包裹体,石榴子石和石英中I型包裹体中偶见子晶。白钨矿 黑钨矿石英脉中的石英相比矽卡岩型矿体中的石英具有更多的Ⅳ型包裹体。早期矽卡岩阶段的流体参数为温度300~510℃、压力32~108 MPa、平均盐度7.64%、平均密度0.69g/cm3,白钨矿主成矿阶段(晚期矽卡岩阶段)的流体参数为温度230~300℃、压力21~64 MPa、平均盐度6.99%、平均密度0.87g/cm3,石英 硫化物 碳酸盐阶段的流体参数为温度100~230℃、压力10~62 MPa、平均盐度5.81%、平均密度0.95g/cm3。白钨矿 黑钨矿石英脉的形成温度集中于110~320℃,其上限高于矽卡岩型白钨矿的温度上限,推断石英脉型黑钨矿形成温度更高。岩前钨矿成矿流体在从高温至低温的演化过程中,盐度逐渐降低、密度逐渐增大、压力逐渐降低,整体为低盐度、低密度的流体。氢氧同位素分析表明,成矿流体来源主要为岩浆水,晚期有少量大气水的加入。岩前钨矿成矿机制主要包括流体不混溶作用、流体与围岩相互反应、流体自然冷却、流体混合和压力下降,其中以CO2逸失为特征的流体不混溶作用为重要的成矿机制。岩相学观察、显微测温、激光拉曼光谱分析证实了矽卡岩型矿体及白钨矿 黑钨矿石英脉中石英的包裹体中都含有CO2。I型包裹体与Ⅳ型包裹体共存、高盐度包裹体与低盐度包裹体共存及部分I型包裹体中含子晶证明岩前钨矿成矿过程中存在流体不混溶作用。成矿过程为：成矿初期,岩浆上侵分异出富钨岩浆热液,热液与碳酸盐质围岩发生了剧烈的接触交代作用,引起了围岩中Ca2+的释放以及pH和氧逸度的升高,同时发生了大规模隐爆作用并导致了CO2流体不混溶作用。CO2参与形成了可作为W运移载体的碱金属水溶液,另外其逸失导致pH升高和氧逸度降低。成矿初期的含矿热液为高温、高压、高盐度、富钨、富钙、富挥发份、pH相对较高、偏还原之后偏氧化的流体,在温压下降及氧逸度降低的条件下白钨矿大量沉淀。白钨矿 黑钨矿石英脉由于靠近矽卡岩,所以热液中含Ca2+,但Ca2+的含量还不足以形成单一的白钨矿,所以出现了白钨矿和黑钨矿共存。对岩前钨矿成矿流体的研究进一步厘定了该区矽卡岩型钨矿的成因机制,同时有益于拓展南岭东段钨矿的找矿方向。     

冈底斯成矿带东段努日矿床成矿斑岩年代学、地球化学及其意义

努日矿床是近年来在西藏冈底斯成矿带南缘发现的一个大型铜钼钨矽卡岩型矿床,由于成矿斑岩一直未能确定,一定程度上制约了区域成矿规律的总结和找矿方向的确定。文章基于野外地质观察和岩体成岩时代研究,识别出与成矿有关的一期花岗闪长斑岩体,锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究显示其成岩时代为(24.94±0.28)Ma,略早于矿体的成矿年龄(23.62 Ma),结合岩体蚀变、矿化及围岩特征,确认其为成矿斑岩体。岩石地球化学特征表明其具高Sr、低Y、无Eu异常的特征,Rb-Sr、Sm-Nd、Pb同位素组成与冈底斯带中新世成矿岩体基本一致,说明其岩浆源区具壳幔混合来源的特征,岩浆相对富集放射性成因Pb同位素,暗示其演化中混染了较多古地壳物质,有效解释了矿床铜-钼-钨矿物组合。矿区成矿斑岩体的发现证实了努日矿床属于斑岩成矿系统中的矽卡岩矿床,岩浆形成于加厚下地壳部分熔融,上升演化过程中与上覆古老拉萨地壳发生过同化混染作用,是岩浆热液与比马组灰岩持续演化的结果。本研究对在冈底斯南缘寻找努日式矿床具有较好的借鉴意义。     

祁连山黑河上游多年冻土区不同植被类型土壤有机碳密度分布特征

山地多年冻土的异质性影响其植被类型的分布特征,且对有机碳的分布也具有重要影响。通过采集黑河上游多年冻土区三种典型植被类型（高寒沼泽草甸、高寒草甸、高寒草原）8个活动层的土壤样品,测定其土壤有机碳密度及其理化性质。结果表明：高寒沼泽草甸土壤有机碳密度最高（49.50 kg·m^-2）,高寒草甸次之（11.22 kg·m^-2）,高寒草原最低（7.30 kg·m^-2）。土壤有机碳密度的剖面垂直分布特征具有差异性,高寒沼泽草甸土壤有机碳密度随深度变化不明显,高寒草原和高寒草甸土壤有机碳密度随深度逐渐减小,存在显著的表层聚集性。有机碳密度与土壤含水率和细粒含量呈显著正相关,与pH值呈显著负相关关系。一般线性模型结果表明土壤含水率、pH值和土壤颗粒组成解释了96.39%的有机碳密度变异,其中土壤含水率贡献了81.53%,pH值和土壤粒度分别贡献了9.33%和4.75%。研究表明多年冻土区不同植被类型土壤有机碳密度分布特征具有明显差异,山地多年冻土土壤含水率是控制有机碳密度分布特征的重要影响因素。     

江西香炉山矽卡岩型白钨矿矿床成因与流体特征

香炉山白钨矿矿床位于江西修水县城西北35 km处,是一座超大型白钨矿矿床。文章通过对该矿床蚀变矿化特征的研究,表明香炉山白钨矿矿床的矿化类型主要为矽卡岩型,其次为蚀变岩型(云英岩化型)。根据产状和岩相学特征进一步可将矿床的矿化过程划分为3个阶段:①矽卡岩化阶段;②白钨矿-白云母-石英阶段;③石英-硫化物阶段。流体包裹体测温结果显示,矽卡岩化阶段均一温度为354~518℃,峰值为465℃,ω(NaCl_(eq))为6.88%~13.4%;白钨矿-白云母-石英阶段均一温度为225~408℃,峰值为340℃,ω(NaCl_(eq))为2.41%~12.28%;石英-硫化物阶段均一温度为185~344℃,峰值为280℃,ω(NaCl_(eq))为2.41%~11.58%。该矿床的成矿流体为典型的中-高温、中低盐度流体体系。流体中富含F、P、H_2O等挥发分对成矿的运移和富集起到一定的作用,而CO_2对钨的迁移作用不大。流体包裹体岩相学及测温结果揭示了流体在矽卡岩阶段经历沸腾或不混溶过程,含F、低盐度、成矿流体呈酸性,有利于钨矿的沉淀,这些是含矿流体内钨迁移与成矿的重要因素。     

山东苍山地区成矿预测中的地质资料二次开发

苍山地区在寻找鞍山式铁矿和金伯利岩管的地质工作中积累了较多的地质、物探、化探资料。通过资料收集、数据库建立、数据处理和可视化,在贾庄一带新圈定一处1∶5 000磁异常,磁异常位于中生代贾庄闪长岩体与寒武系、奥陶系碳酸盐岩的接触带附近,具有夕卡岩型金铜矿的成矿条件,圈定了找矿靶区。根据成矿条件相似地区探矿经验,推断靶区成矿深度极限为新元古界二青山组底部的不整合面,距地表431~600m。本次地质资料二次开发取得新的成果得益于GIS信息技术应用、现代成矿理论的指导,以及探矿经验的总结。     

一种基于关键点的轨迹-区域拓扑过程模型

定位技术的广泛应用带来了铺天盖地的移动数据,为诸如时空查询和数据挖掘等各种时空的研究及应用提供了重要素材,使得对于轨迹数据的研究成为当前的一个热点。当前,无论是对于原始轨迹数据的研究,还是对语义化轨迹数据的研究,都较少考虑轨迹移动过程中所潜藏的拓扑不变量。本文提出二维空间上基于关键点的轨迹-区域拓扑过程模型,以矩阵描述轨迹与区域的14种基本点集拓扑交叠类型,既而组织交叠序列描述轨迹和区域对象间的拓扑关联关系。模型不仅描述了轨迹与区域之间的拓扑不变量,而且结合轨迹特有行为的语义关联模型,描述轨迹相对区域的复杂拓扑过程。同时,本文还以模型中相邻两次交叠的相接交叠模式,探讨了区域间拓扑关系对于轨迹移动描述的约束。     

MODIS二向反射模型方差函数的研究与应用

地表二向性反射分布函数(BRDF)是表征地物反射随太阳和观测方向变化的物理量。在统计意义上,BRDF表示均值统计量,BRVF(Bidirectional Reflectance Variance Function)表示方差统计量,它们对研究地表各向异性反射特征有着重要意义。本文首先采用误差传播理论,推导出基于MODIS BRDF模型的BRVF表达形式。研究结果表明,BRVF的空间分布模式主要由几何光学核Kgeo和体散射核Kvol的一次项和二次项权重和决定。然后利用EOS地面验证核心站点(EOS Land Validation Core Sites)的MODIS BRDF产品,对BRVF空间分布模式随地表类型、光谱波段和观测角度范围进行验证。验证结果表明,基于MODIS BRDF产品的验证与理论推导有较好的一致性。BRVF空间分布模式和地表类型有关,通常在热点处有一个峰值。在大观测天顶角(60°)下,BRVF随着角度的增大而增大。BRVF在近红外波段整体上大于红波段,表明其波段依赖性。最后,将上述理论成果初步应用于69组地表测量数据的模拟中。模拟结果表明,当大角度缺少观测数据时,模型外延所引起的方向反射方差显著增大,对地表反照率的反演精度和不确定性有较大影响。其中,红波段的白天空反照率的相对误差最大可达38.26%。本研究对利用小角度观测数据进行地表反照率反演的不确定性分析有指导意义;对大角度观测数据缺失情况下,先验知识在地表反照率的反演应用可提供有意义的理论支撑。     

Geologic, Fluid Inclusion and Stable Isotope Constraints on Mechanisms of Ore Deposition at the Datuanshan Copper Deposit, Middle–Lower Yangtze Valley, Eastern China

The Datuanshan deposit is one of the largest and most representative stratabound copper deposits in the Tongling area,the largest ore district in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt.The location of the orebodies is controlled by the interlayer-slipping faults between the Triassic and Permian strata,and all the orebodies are distributed in stratiform shape around the Mesozoic quartz monzodiorite dikes.Based on field evidence and petrographic observations,four mineralization stages in the Datuanshan deposit have been identified:the skarn,early quartz-sulfide,late quartzsulfide and carbonate stages.Chalcopytite is the main copper mineral and mainly formed at the late quartz-sulfide stage.Fluid inclusions at different stages were studied for petrography,microthermometry,laser Raman spectrometry and stable isotopes.Four types of fluid inclusions,including three-phase fluid inclusions(type 1),liquid-rich fluid inclusions(type 2),vapour-rich fluid inclusions(type 3) and pure vapour fluid inclusions(type 4),were observed.The minerals from the skarn,early and late quartz-sulfide stages contain all fluid inclusion types,but only type 2 fluid inclusions were observed at the carbonate stage.Petrographic observations suggest that most of the inclusions studied in this paper are likely primary.The coexistence of different types of fluid inclusions with contrasting homogenization characteristics(to the liquid and vapour phase,respectively) and similar homogenization temperatures(the modes are 440-480℃,380-400℃ and 280-320℃ for the skarn,early and late quartz-sulfide stages,respectively) in the first three stages,strongly suggests that three episodes of fluid boiling occurred during these stages,which is supported by the hydrogen isotope data.Laser Raman spectra identified CH_4 at the skarn and early quartz-sulfide stages.Combined with other geological features,the early ore-forming fluids were inferred to be under a relatively reduced environment.The CO_2 component has been identified at the late quartz-sulfide and carbonate stages,indicating that the late ore-forming fluids were under a relatively oxidized environment,probably as a result of inflow of and mixing with meteoric water.In addition,microthermometric results of fluid inclusions and H-O isotope data mdicate that the ore forming fluids were dominated by magmatic water in the early stages(skarn and early quartz-sulfide stages) and mixed with meteoric water in the late stages(late quartz-sulfide and carbonate stages).The evidence listed above suggests that the chalcopyrite deposition in the Datuanshan deposit probably resulted from the combination of multiepisode fluid boiling and mixing of magmatic and meteoric water.