我国浅成热液金矿的分类探讨

陆相浅成热液金矿是个大概念,是数类金矿的统称。目前对其的分类,不适应理论和应用研究的需要。本文主张以成矿地球动力学环境和矿床本质特征为准则,实施浅成热液金矿的分类。对类型的划分努力体现成因类型和工业类型相结合的原则,并充分反映我国的特点。在矿床类型具体命名时,突出成矿时的浅成深度。文中将我国浅成热液金矿分为浅成脉型、浅成斑岩型和浅成矽卡岩型等三大类八个亚类。陆相浅成热液金矿在我国有广阔的找矿前景,而且在地质产状和成矿作用等方面与国外的殊为不同,值得对其作深入的理论与应用研究。     

Mineral compositions and fluid evolution of the Tonglushan skarn Cu–Fe deposit,SE Hubei,east-central China

The Tonglushan Cu–Fe deposit (1.12 Mt at 1.61% Cu, 5.68 Mt at 41% Fe) is located in the westernmost district of the Middle–Lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt. As a typical polymetal skarn metallogenic region, it consists of 13 skarn orebodies, mainly hosted in the contact zone between the Tonglushan quartz-diorite pluton (140 Ma) and Lower Triassic marine carbonate rocks of the Daye Formation. Four stages of mineralization and alterations can be identified: i.e. prograde skarn formation, retrograde hydrothermal alteration, quartz-sulphide followed by carbonate vein formation. Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) indicates garnets vary from grossular (Ad_20.2–41.6Gr_49.7–74.1) to pure andradite (Ad_47.4–70.7Gr_23.9–45.9) in composition, and pyroxenes are represented by diopsides. Fluid inclusions identify three major types of fluids involved during formation of the deposit within the H₂O–NaCl system, i.e. liquid-rich inclusions (Type I), halite-bearing inclusions (Type II), and vapour-rich inclusions (Type III). Measurements of fluid inclusions reveal that the prograde skarn minerals formed at high temperatures (>550°C) in equilibrium with high-saline fluids (>66.57 wt.% NaCl equivalent). Oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes of fluid inclusions from garnets and pyroxenes indicate that ore-formation fluids are mainly of magmatic-hydrothermal origin (δ¹⁸O = 6.68‰ to 9.67‰, δD = –67‰ to –92‰), whereas some meteoric water was incorporated into fluids of the retrograde alteration stage judging from compositions of epidote (δ¹⁸O = 2.26‰ to 3.74‰, δD= –31‰ to –73‰). Continuing depressurization and cooling to 405–567°C may have resulted in both a decrease in salinity (to 48.43–55.36 wt.% NaCl equivalent) and the deposition of abundant magnetite. During the quartz-sulphide stage, boiling produced sulphide assemblage precipitated from primary magmatic-hydrothermal fluids (δ¹⁸O = 4.98‰, δD = –66‰, δ³⁴S values of sulphides: 0.71–3.8‰) with an extensive range of salinities (4.96–50.75 wt.% NaCl equivalent), temperatures (240–350°C), and pressures (11.6–22.2 MPa). Carbonate veins formed at relatively low temperatures (174–284°C) from fluids of low salinity (1.57–4.03 wt.% NaCl equivalent), possibly reflecting the mixing of early magmatic fluids with abundant meteoric water. Boiling and fluid mixing played important roles for Cu precipitation in the Tonglushan deposit.     

东亚地区盆地类型和盆地群特征

东亚地区区域构造经历了多期复杂的演化过程,印支期东亚大陆的地质格局基本形成,燕山期作为重要的构造变革期,在盆地形成演化过程中发挥着重要的作用。根据东亚地区燕山期以来盆地所受三向应力的作用机制（拉张、挤压）以及这种机制对前期盆地的改造程度,考虑盆地自身的地质演化历史,结合前人对沉积盆地类型划分方案的研究成果,将东亚地区沉积盆地划分为6个类型,即克拉通盆地、陆内挤压挠曲盆地、走滑拉分盆地、裂谷盆地、弧前盆地和弧后盆地;同时将不同盆地在成盆时间上"归位"于燕山期前和燕山期后,在平面分布上"归位"于构造域中,形成盆地群的概念,认为同一构造域内的盆地在盆地类型、盆地沉积层序、盆地演化历史等方面具有相对一致性,而在不同的构造域中盆地类型、盆地演化历史均存在一定差异。盆地群内部盆地的可比性和共性以及盆地群之间盆地的差异性的认识,对研究不同盆地的成因和演化具有重要的理论意义,同时为在东亚地区开展低勘探程度盆地的油气资源潜力评价奠定了盆地类比分析的基础。      

用储层岩石抽提物的饱和烃色谱指纹识别油气层

利用储层岩石抽提物的饱和烃色 质总离子图的指纹特征判识储层的流体（油、气）类型。油层或油饱和的储层,饱和烃色 质总离子流图的特征是正构烷烃碳数分布宽,碳数分布在C₁₅～C₃₈之间,与原油样品的正构烷烃碳数分布相似;凝析气层的正构烷烃碳数分布略窄一些,碳数分布在C₁₅～C₃₅之间,低碳数（小于C₂₁）的正构烷烃相对于油层富集,高碳数（大于C₂₁）的正构烷烃丰度明显低于油层;干气层的正构烷烃碳数分布最窄,碳数分布在C₁₅～ C₂₈之间,只有低碳数的正构烷烃,高碳数的正构烷烃丰度极低。据此可用来识别油层、凝析气层和干气层,也可用于一些测井资料不全或测井质量差的老井的油气层复查、测井难以识别的火成岩油气层的识别,还可用于地层评价,为油气酸化层位的优选提供科学依据。     

山东省莱州-安丘铁成矿带特征及找矿方向

莱州-安丘铁成矿带位于沂沭断裂带东侧,胶北隆起的西南部。成矿带呈NE向展布,长约100 km,宽10~20km。已知区内铁矿类型主要有沉积变质型、岩浆熔离型和岩浆期后热液型,成矿除受地层控制外,还与构造、岩浆活动关系密切。通过对地质和重、磁物理场的分析,确定不同成因类型铁矿的分布范围,并且划分出不同磁异常特征,指出今后的找矿方向。     

西藏班-怒结合带尕尔穷铜金矿床矽卡岩 矿物学特征及其地质意义

尕尔穷铜金矿床位于西藏班公湖-怒江成矿带西段,是该带上近年来取得重大勘查突破的矽卡岩(斑岩)型铜金矿床.矿区产出的矽卡岩为典型的钙质矽卡岩,其矽卡岩矿物主要由石榴子石、辉石、硅灰石、绿帘石、绿泥石、符山石、矽线石等组成.电子探针分析结果表明,矿区石榴子石主要为钙铁榴石和钙铝榴石,辉石主要为透辉石,绿泥石可见铁绿泥石及铁镁绿泥石两种.石榴子石成分剖面显示其矿物组分随着石榴子石环带的变化而变化,表明矿区矽卡岩不是在一个完全封闭的平衡条件下形成的,指示矿床形成过程中热液流体具有多期多阶段性.尕尔穷矿区矽卡岩具有良好的分带性,表现为从靠近岩体的深部到靠近围岩的浅部具有石榴子石-透辉石相→透辉石-硅灰石相→硅灰石-绿帘石绿泥石相的分带特征,并伴随一定的矿化组合.典型矽卡岩矿物端员组分的识别及其Fe2+/Fe3+的比值计算结果表明,尕尔穷矿床形成于相对氧化环境.辉石组分中Mn/Fe比值的特征表明尕尔穷矿区具有一定的寻找钼矿的潜力.     

内蒙古西乌珠穆沁旗地区寿山沟组烃源岩 有机地球化学特征

内蒙古西乌珠穆沁旗地区广泛出露下二叠统寿山沟组暗色泥页岩.选取该组塔宾庙林场剖面的烃源岩样品,进行有机质丰度、类型、成熟度等有机地球化学特征研究,初步对其生烃潜力进行评价.研究表明,西乌旗地区下二叠统寿山沟组暗色泥页岩的有机质丰度达到了中等—好烃源岩标准;有机质来源以高等植物为主,干酪根类型以Ⅲ型为主.有机质热演化进入高成熟—过成熟演化阶段,是潜在的烃(特别是气)源岩,系上古生界重要的烃源岩勘探层系之一.     

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组砂岩储层孔隙成因类型及其控制因素

陇东地区延长组砂岩储层属于典型的低孔低渗储层,分析孔隙成因类型及其控制因素,对于寻找相对高孔渗储层具有重要指导意义。通过大量孔隙铸体薄片鉴定认为,陇东地区延长组砂岩发育原生与次生两大类孔隙类型,其中原生孔隙包括压实剩余原生粒间孔和胶结剩余原生粒间孔;次生孔隙包括粒间杂基及胶结物溶孔、长石和岩屑粒内溶孔及铸模孔、粒间高岭石绿泥石胶结物晶间孔;另外还存在少量构造成因的微裂缝。现今孔隙多为部分原生与部分次生组成的混合孔隙。孔隙成因类型受沉积条件和成岩作用双重因素控制,沉积条件决定了砂岩沉积时的水动力条件,从而决定了砂岩的岩石学特征和原生粒间孔的发育程度,压实作用决定了压实剩余粒间孔的大小与多少,胶结作用决定了胶结剩余粒间孔的多少,溶蚀作用控制了各种溶蚀孔隙的类型及发育程度,如粒间杂基和碳酸盐胶结物溶孔、长石及岩屑粒缘与粒内溶蚀孔隙的发育程度。原生孔隙在长8、长9、长4+5粒度较粗的层段中较明显,次生孔隙在长6、长7粒度细层段和顶部不整合面附近的长1-3中占的比例较多。系统运用大量薄片和物性资料首次明确指出陇东地区延长组砂岩储层孔隙为混合成因,且次生孔隙特征明显,原生孔隙由于压实和胶结作用大量损失。     

Skarn development from limestone adjacent to the Glenrock Granodiorite,Marulan Batholith,New South Wales,Australia

Skarns are developed over two temperature‐time intervals in calcite limestone adjacent to the southern extension of the Glenrock Granodiorite, a pluton of the Marulan Batholith, Southern Highlands, New South Wales. The initial volumetrically‐dominant prograde phase of skarn formation produced a suite comprising bimetasomatic skarn, including pyroxene endoskarn, potassic endoskarn and wollastonite‐bearing exoskarn, together with mineralogically‐zoned vein skarn, massive garnet‐pyroxene skarn and calcite‐vesuvianite skarn. Retrograde replacement is manifested by the development of hydrous silicate minerals, carbonate and cross‐cutting sulphide veinlets.

A genetic model is proposed to account for the development of bimetasomatic skarn in the deposit. Exoskarn geochemistry indicates addition of many components relative to an essentially pure limestone precursor, including Si, Al, Fe, Zr, Zn, S, Mn and Cu, negligible transfer of K, Na and Rb and loss of CO₂. Strontium and Ca loss from the parent limestone is indicated by mass balance calculations at constant volume.

Garnet and pyroxene compositions in the massive garnet‐pyroxene skarn range from Gr₃₀ to Gr₆₆ and Hd₆₁ to Hd₈₇, respectively. Compositions from Gr₆₇ to Gr₉₅ are typical of the vein skarn garnets. Chemical zonation patterns in garnet, pyroxene and vesuvianite are generally characterized by rim Fe depletion relative to cores of grains.

Prograde skarn probably formed at T = 500–580°C; P < 220 MPa. The massive garnet‐pyroxene skarn evolved under conditions of log fO₂ = ‐18.9 to ‐22.9 (assuming a constant fCO₂ of 20 MPa) within the fS₂ stability field of pyrrhotite. Retrograde skarn formed at T < 400°C, possibly under conditions of X_H2O < 0.01.

Vesuvianite plus wollastonite assemblages, present in exoskarn, probably attest to very water‐rich conditions. The marble wall rocks, isolated from the source of skarn‐forming fluids, probably evolved under conditions of minimum X_co2 >0.2. Low temperature CO₂ ‐rich fluid inclusions and prehnite (stable at X_co2 <0.01), present in the marble and skarn, respectively, suggest that substantial differences in X_co2: X_H2O were maintained during cooling.

Observed mineralogical and chemical zonation within the skarn reflects the complex interaction of T, P, fO₂, Xco₂ and other chemical variables such as a_SiO2 and a_Al2O3 throughout the skarn system. No single variable can account adequately for the mineralogical diversity observed in the skarn deposit.     

秦岭地区黄铁矿特征与金矿关系的研究

根据秦岭地区金矿床中黄铁矿特征,总结出典型的微细浸染型和含金石英脉型两种类型矿床特征。黄铁矿与金矿关系密切,含金黄铁矿多产于成矿的富集地段。通过对该区黄铁矿标型特征(晶形、粒级与热电性和微量元素)的系统研究,认为黄铁矿标型特征的研究,对深部找金矿与远景评价具有指导意义。