Pb-Zn-Ag-bearing M anganoan Skarns of China

Manganoan skarns consist of special Mn (Ca, Mg, Fe, Al) silicate metasomatic minerals and are usually associated with Pb-Zn(Ag) mineralization. They occur chiefly along the lithologic contacts or faults and fractures of carbonate wall rocks distal from the intrusive contact zone, and are combined with Fe, Cu, W, Sn and Cu-bearing calcic or magnesian skarns occurring in the contact zones to constitute certain metasomatic zoning. Manganoan skarns are formed later than calcic or magnesian skarns. Their rock-forming temperatures are lower than those of calcic or magnesian skarns. The mineral assemblages of manganoan skarns occurring in different carbonate rocks (limestone or dolomite) are notably different.     

青海卡而却卡铜多金属矿床蚀变矿化类型及矽卡岩矿物学特征

卡而却卡铜多金属矿床是柴达木盆地南缘西段祁漫塔格地区颇具特色的一个破碎蚀变带热液脉状-矽卡岩型矿床。矿区内可见2类围岩蚀变：矽卡岩化和黄铁绢英岩化。前者由印支期似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩侵位引起,在岩体侵入接触面及外接触带围岩的不同岩性界面、构造破碎薄弱带形成含铜多金属矽卡岩透镜体,由透辉石、钙铁辉石、钙铁（铝）榴石、符山石、硅灰石、方柱石和阳起石等一套十分典型的钙矽卡岩矿物组成;后者在矿区西北部的似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩体中形成多条呈NWW向平行展布的黄铜矿化热液蚀变带,构成断裂破碎带控制的细（网）脉浸染状热液脉型矿化。研究认为：卡而却卡铜多金属矿床的形成与印支期侵位、具有浅成和高侵位特点的似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩关系密切,产出的矽卡岩型铜多金属矿与破碎蚀变带控制的细（网）脉浸染状热液脉型铜矿的成岩成矿年龄基本一致,其构造-岩浆活动背景相同,但属不同阶段、不同深度和不同部位发生成矿作用的产物,形成以接触带（或外接触带）矽卡岩型铜多金属矿为主体的、成矿母岩体内的构造断裂发育部位伴有热液脉状铜矿化的复合型矿床。     

黑龙江省嫩江县三矿沟含金铁铜矿床地质特征

三矿沟含金铁铜矿床属典型的夕卡岩型矿床.它产在华力西期花岗岩体外接触带上,经夕卡岩化及热液硫化物矿化,形成众多黄铜矿矿体、含金黄铜矿矿体、磁铁矿矿体,矿石矿物主要有黄铜矿、斑铜矿、磁铁矿、银金矿,并伴生硒、碲、镓、铟等有益组分.三矿沟花岗岩体-断裂破碎带及接触带-多宝山组地层三者控制着矿床的形成.在三矿沟-多宝山一带存在寻找同类矿床的极大可能性.     

Preliminary mineralogical and petrological study of the Ortosa Au–Bi–Te ore deposit: a reduced gold skarn in the northern part of the Rio Narcea Gold Belt, Asturias, Spain

The Ortosa deposit (NW Spain) in the northern part of the Rio Narcea Gold Belt (RNGB) is located in the Cantabrian Zone of the Iberian Massif. This zone corresponds to the westernmost exposure of the European Hercynides. The deposit is hosted by marine shales, siltstones, calcareous siltstones and interbedded sandy limestones of the upper part of the Silurian Furada Formation. These rocks are intruded by a main stock and numerous sills and dikes consisting of a reduced, ilmenite-bearing quartz-monzodiorite (Ortosa intrusion). Skarn metasomatism and associated gold mineralization overprinted these sedimentary and igneous rocks, forming endo- and exoskarns.The earliest stage of alteration involved potassium metasomatism from which metasomatic biotite developed in the hornfels around the intrusion. In the endoskarn, the first metasomatic mineral to form is actinolite. Subsequently, quartz, pyroxene (Hd_30–45), and sulfides (mainly arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite) formed, followed by a second generation of amphibole (ferroactinolite and ferrohornblende). The exoskarn is a pyroxene-garnet skarn, which is often banded. The prograde minerals are pyroxene (Hd_10–30) and grossular garnet. The retrograde mineralogy consists of hedenbergite-rich pyroxene (Hd_50–87), amphibole (ferroactinolite–ferrohornblende), and the metallic minerals with minor fluorapatite, K-feldspar, albite, epidote–clinozoisite, vesuvianite and calcite. A final stage of retrograde alteration is characterized by calcite, quartz, and chlorite.Pyrrhotite and arsenopyrite are the more abundant metallic minerals, and löllingite, chalcopyrite, pyrite and sphalerite are present in smaller amounts. The gold occurs as native gold and maldonite, and is accompanied by hedleyite, native bismuth, and bismuthinite. These Au–Bi–Te mineral assemblages occupy cavities and fractures in the arsenopyrite or in the pyrrhotite.Estimated physiochemical conditions of formation based on the composition and stability fields of major calc-silicate and sulfide minerals indicate that the hedenbergite-rich pyroxene and the earliest sulfides (löllingite–pyrrhotite–arsenopyrite) crystallized at temperatures between 470 and 535°C at low log fS₂ between −10 and −6.5 and low log fO₂ of −22. The Ortosa skarns can be included in the reduced gold skarn subtype defined by Meinert (Mineralogical Association of Canada, Quebec city, Que., Canada, 1998, 26,359–414 ).     

The Carlés copper–gold–molybdenum skarn (Asturias, Spain): geometry, mineral associations and metasomatic evolution

This paper presents the petrographical, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the Carlés Cu–Mo–Au ore deposit, located in the Rio Narcea Gold Belt (Cantabrian zone of the Iberian Massif). It is related to a small postkinematic calc-alkaline monzogranite, which intrudes as a cedar-tree laccolith into the upper siliciclastic Furada Formation (late Silurian age) and the Nieva carbonates (early Devonian age). The Carlés deposit consists mainly of a well-developed exoskarn. The exoskarn is mostly calcic skarn made up of early garnet and pyroxene, and later amphibole, magnetite and sulfides. The presence of magnesian skarn has been recorded on the north side of the intrusion (roof of granitoid). Magnesian skarn consists of olivine, which is partially replaced by diopside and phlogopite and spinel. Close to the igneous rock, skarns are overprinted by strong potassic alteration. The ore is related to the skarn retrogradation and post-skarn veining and faulting. The skarn-related ore consists of earlier, uneconomic magnetite and Fe–As sulfide assemblages and economic Cu–Au–Ag (Bi–Te) assemblages on the eastern and western sides of the contact aureole, and uneconomic Mo and subeconomic Fe–As–Cu–Au–Ag on the northern side of the contact. Later subeconomic Fe–As–Sb–(Zn–Sn–Cu–Au–Ag) assemblages crosscut the granitoid, skarn, marbles and mineral associations developed previously, and are related to younger episodes of fracturing and faulting. Fluid inclusions in the first hydrothermal stage consist of an aqueous solution with significant contents of CO₂, which reach unmixing conditions as a result of a decrease in P–T conditions. This led to two types of solutions, aqueous solutions of moderate to high salinity and hydrocarbon solutions of low salinity. This unmixing phenomenon controlled the first stage of gold precipitation. During the late hydrothermal activity, primary low-salinity-aqueous-carbonic inclusions with contrasting densities are found. They homogenize into vapor, critical or liquid phase. Homogenization temperatures are practically the same in all inclusions, indicating a boiling phenomenon that could control a new precipitation of gold.     

A discussion on the Genesis of the Jiama Copper-Polymetallic Deposit,Maizhokungger,Xizang

A DISCUSSION ON THE GENESIS OF THE JIAMA COPPER-POLYMETALLIC DEPOSIT, MAIZHOKUNGGER, XIZANG     

试论“临界成矿地质条件”

“临界成矿地质条件”系指具有“临界性质”的成矿地质条件。沉积或受变质沉积矿床的临界成矿地质条件主要是古地理和水动力条件 ;内生矿床的临界成矿地质条件主要是构造条件 ;石油的生油和贮油条件所表现出的临界性质十分明显 ;风化矿床的临界成矿地质条件主要是水文地质条件、构造条件。临界成矿地质条件应该是各类矿床都具备的 ,但在不同矿床中的表现形式不同。深入研究临界成矿地质条件可以促进矿床学的进展 ,达到定量化的境地 ,同时成矿预测不应只是简单地据其某些大致相似的条件去类比、预测 ,而要努力寻找并发现最关键的具有临界性质的成矿地质条件 ,这样才不致使预测工作陷于盲目。     

层控交代型夕卡岩金矿床形成机理的实验研究

采用安徽铜陵狮子山层控交代型夕卡岩金矿床未蚀变、未受矿化影响的地层层位的岩石——砂岩与碳酸盐岩 ,灰岩与硅质岩 ,灰岩与泥质页岩 ,泥质岩与条带灰岩和单独泥灰岩作试料 ,分别模拟配制 p H为 4.5、 5.5、 6.5和 7.5的 0 .5M Na Cl 0 .5M KF 0 .1 M K2 SO4 0 .0 5M Au Cl3水溶液作为成矿热液。试料和溶液焊封在银试管内 ,放在高压釜反应腔中持续 96 h的交代作用。实验结果表明在温度为 2 50～ 650℃和压力 2 0 0× 1 0 5 ～ 80 0× 1 0 5 Pa下的弱氧化、弱还原环境中 ,都能形成夕卡岩矿物和金矿物组合 ,其中冬瓜山矿床 (砂岩与碳酸岩交代作用 )系统的实验形成了透闪石 蛇纹石 硬石膏 自然金 ( ) ,硅灰石 钙铁 -钙铝榴石 蛇纹石 硬石膏 银金矿 ( )和方柱石 透辉石 -钙铁辉石 钙铁 -钙铝榴石 蛇纹石 ( )组合分别与上述矿床含矿、含 H2 O夕卡岩 ,含金夕卡岩和高温无矿夕卡岩矿物共生组合相吻合。金在 2 50～ 350℃范围以自然金状态沉淀 ,在 350℃以上以少量的银金矿形式出现 ,在 60 0℃以上的实验产物中未见金呈独立矿物产出。     

黑龙江省翠宏山钨钼多金属矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素定年及其地质意义

翠宏山钨钼多金属矿床是小兴安岭-张广才岭成矿带内一个重要的矽卡岩型矿床,钨、钼、锌均达大型规模。为确定该矿床的形成时代,对取自岩体内接触带钨钼矿体的7件辉钼矿样品进行了Re-Os同位素测年研究。结果表明:辉钼矿中Re质量分数为（0.376 9～0.973 7）×10^-6,Os质量分数为（1.272～3.234）×10^-9;获得的模式年龄为(199.0±3.1)～(203.9±3.8) Ma,加权平均年龄为（201.6±1.4）Ma(MSWD=0.80),等时线年龄为（198.9±3.7）Ma(MSWD=0.83)。结合区域成矿作用分析认为:翠宏山多金属矿床的形成时代为早侏罗世,与成矿带内的霍吉河和鹿鸣等斑岩型（细网脉型）钼矿床同属燕山早期大规模构造-岩浆-成矿事件的产物。根据本次辉钼矿Re-Os定年结果,结合前人在矿区内所测多个花岗岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄认为:与翠宏山多金属矿床具成因联系的岩体应为二长花岗岩、碱长花岗岩,成岩成矿作用与古太平洋板块俯冲有关。辉钼矿中Re质量分数、成矿岩体的物质源区综合研究表明,翠宏山多金属矿床的成岩成矿物质具有壳幔混源特征。     

辽宁宽甸万宝村铜金钼矿地质特征及找矿方向

辽宁宽甸万宝村铜金钼矿位于燕山期石柱子花岗闪长岩体与寒武纪碳酸盐岩地层的接触带内,受北东向与北西向构造共同控制.矿体赋存于北西向构造带内,呈雁行式排列.北西向构造控制了石柱子花岗闪长岩的侵位,同时控制了夕卡岩矿体的形成与分布.恢复夕卡岩矿区的构造形迹,特别是早期控制岩浆侵位的隐伏构造带,对夕卡岩地区找矿具有指导意义.