On optimization algorithms for the reservoir oil well placement problem

Determining optimal locations and operation parameters for wells in oil and gas reservoirs has a potentially high economic impact. Finding these optima depends on a complex combination of geological, petrophysical, flow regimen, and economical parameters that are hard to grasp intuitively. On the other hand, automatic approaches have in the past been hampered by the overwhelming computational cost of running thousands of potential cases using reservoir simulators, given that each of these runs can take on the order of hours. Therefore, the key issue to such automatic optimization is the development of algorithms that find good solutions with a minimum number of function evaluations. In this work, we compare and analyze the efficiency, effectiveness, and reliability of several optimization algorithms for the well placement problem. In particular, we consider the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA), finite difference gradient (FDG), and very fast simulated annealing (VFSA) algorithms. None of these algorithms guarantees to find the optimal solution, but we show that both SPSA and VFSA are very efficient in finding nearly optimal solutions with a high probability. We illustrate this with a set of numerical experiments based on real data for single and multiple well placement problems.     

微气象观测数据采集系统

微气象观测数据采集系统是微气象自动观测网的子系统。该子系统包括塔站、辐射站的数据采集以及塔站向中心站的数据传输。本文介绍了这两部分的硬件组成及软件编制,并从原理上描述了研制温度传感器时采用的“准噪声测量消噪法”这一特殊技术。     

长石溶解模拟实验研究综述

在综合分析前人研究成果基础上,对长石溶解模拟实验研究进行了综述.研究表明,长石溶解与其成分、结构、反应的温压条件以及流体性质等有关.在相同的温压条件下,3种长石的稳定性依次为:钾长石>钠长石>钙长石,且温度升高可加强长石的溶解能力,促进长石的溶解,而压力的变化对长石的溶解影响不大.长石的溶解速率在酸性区域随pH值增大而减小、在中性区域溶解速率低且受影响小、在碱性区域随pH值增大而增大.有机酸通过提供H+、络合金属元素来提高长石的溶解度.长石的溶蚀速率与颗粒的总表面积大小以及颗粒表面粗糙度有关,总表面积越大,表面越粗糙,则反应速率越快,而且溶液的矿化度越低越有利于长石的溶解.长石的溶解过程由表面反应和扩散反应所控制,描述长石溶蚀机理的模型主要包括:表面反应模型和淋滤层扩散模型.     

黄河下游影响带(河南段)三维地下水流数值模拟模型及其应用

黄河下游（河南段）影响带属于黄河下游冲积平原地下水系统，黄河对地下水的影响范围为5－23km，面积为9417.6km^2。在建立水文地质概念模型的基础上，运用FEFLOW软件建立了研究区三维地下水流模拟模型，并对模型进行了识别。运用模型确定地下水多年平均补给资源和可开采资源评价；预测新建傍河水源地开采条件下，地下水位在5－10年内趋于稳定；定量研究黄河与地下水的补排关系，傍河水源地开采量的65％－75％来自黄河水，黄河大堤防渗墙工程深度为20m和45m情况下，黄河侧渗量分别减小5.72%和8.12%。     

AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON THE SIMULATED DATA OF TOVS HIRS BY RTTOV5 MODEL

The sounding data of meteorological satellites provide not only the real time weatherinformation about the distribution of both cloud and rainfall,but also some others about themovement and state of atmosphere.They are important variables and parameters for NWP modelused to simulate and predict atmospheric state.In order to introduce remote sensing informationfrom satellites into NWP model,there is an efficient way of establishing an RT model by use of theatmosphere radiation sounding data of meteorological satellites to get the variables and parametersvaluable to NWP model.In this paper,we set up profiles of air temperature and water vapor fromthe surface to upper (0.1 hPa) using the radiosounding data and the surface data from May toAugust 1998 atmosphere East Asia.A TOVS RT model (RTTOV5) is provided to compute thevalue of radiation value of HIRS channels in NOAA14.Then the radiation values of 19 HIRSchannels are gotten.After matching these data computed by the RT model and the correspondingvalues coming from satellite sounding in time,the statistic distribution of bias between tile modeloutput and the satellite sounding at each sounding channel can be gotten.At the same time.thedistribution of RMS to every TOVS HIRS channel,the standard biases to different scanning angleto each channel are also obtained.     

新疆和田河流域灌丛沙堆风洞流场的实验研究（Ⅱ）

摘要: 依据风沙运动实验相似理论,以新疆和田河流域实测的柽柳沙堆形态数据为基础,按40∶1的比例缩小制成半球形和圆锥形模型,并在模型顶部模拟人工“植物灌丛”,选用起沙风速区间在6~14 m\5s-1的5组不同的风速分别对半球形灌丛沙堆模型和圆锥形灌丛沙堆模型在风洞中作纯气流流场模拟实验,以探讨植物在灌丛沙堆绕流结构形成中的作用。模拟实验表明,无论沙堆基本形态如何变化,沙堆顶部的植物都增加了沙堆表面的粗糙度,对翻越沙堆的绕流气流阻滞消能,消除了裸露沙堆顶部常见的强风侵蚀区域,并加强了背风坡涡流影响范围,这种流场结构变化必将影响沙堆前后风沙流的结构特征。因此,植物的存在将更有利于截留沙尘、促进沙堆增长,植物在沙堆发育过程中起着十分重要的作用。     

How the spatial distribution of grass contributes to controlling hillslope erosion

The aim of this study was to investigate how the spatial distribution of grass influenced run-off and erosion from a hillslope with loess and cinnamon soils in the rocky area of Northern China. We set up a trial to test the two soils with different treatments, including bare soil (BS), grass strips on the upper (UGS) and lower (DGS) parts of the slope, grass cover over the entire slope (GS), and a grass carpet on the lower part of the slope (GC), under simulated rainfall conditions. The results showed that the run-off coefficients for the loess and cinnamon soils decreased by between 4% and 20% and by between 2% and 37%, respectively, when covered with grass. Grass spatial distribution had little effect on the run-off, but more effect on erosion than vegetation coverage degree. The most effective location of grass cover for decreasing hillslope erosion was at the foot, and the high efficiency was mainly due to controlling of rill formation and sediment deposition. The soil loss from GS, DGS, and GC on the loess and cinnamon soils was between 77% and 93% less and 55% and 80% less, respectively, compared with the loss from BS. However, the soil characteristics had little effect on soil erosion for well-vegetated slopes. The results highlight the importance of vegetation re-establishment at the foot of hillslope in controlling soil erosion.     

基于交通网络的乡村中小学优化布局

合理规划中小学布局是优化教育资源配置、提高办学效益以及实现教育均衡发展的重要途径。本研究针对中国乡村建设的需要和中国多山的地理环境,考虑山地环境对乡村中小学选址的影响,构建多山环境下乡村中小学的区位模型,运用地理信息科学方法,以Visual Studio. Net 2010为开发平台,使用C#语言和ArcGIS Engine 10.0组件库,同时结合MATLAB编程,开发出基于交通网络的乡村中小学区位优化系统。最后将系统应用于贵州省某镇的小学布局优化中,分别在只考虑已有道路、假设道路可升级、假设道路可新建或升级3种情景下,通过改进的模拟退火算法,确定新建学校的最佳位置,以及新道路的修建和原有道路的升级情况,从而得到不同情景下各居民点学生的上学耗时。结果表明,交通网络对乡村中小学布局优化具有重要影响,改善交通网络条件能够有效提高学生的就学效率上学速度。     

区域特性约束下的油藏物性模拟

为了提高油藏物性模拟的精度,本文提出了包含两个约束条件的目标函数,考虑在既满足井条件与空间结构变化,同时又满足油田范围内观测到的油藏物理性质的约束下,应用模拟退火算法,对孔隙度的空间分布进行预测模拟.由于目标函数有效地结合了静、动态信息,从而降低了模拟结果的不确定性,提高了模型的精度.合成数据的油藏物性模拟试验表明,该方法收敛快、稳定性好,模拟的结果令人满意.     

改进的约束单纯形-模拟退火剩余静校正

非线性单纯形和模拟退火算法的结合形成了一种新的适合非凸集连续不受约束和受约束函数的全局最优化算法．静校正问题中的相位转移与模拟退火法有明显的相似之处．由非线性单纯形来产生系统的各个状态,在缓慢冷却过程中得到目标函数的全局最优解．所采用的目标函数是道集间的相关,解决了零空间现象．单纯形模拟退火(SIMPSA)算法应用于剩余静校正,收敛速度快,适于解决大剩余静校正．