钻井机辅助操作平台研制

钻井机辅助操作平台主要用于对操作人员进行钻机装备的模拟训练,使操作员迅速熟悉钻机的操作和使用方法,全面掌握装备的性能和提高训练效果与水平。钻井机辅助操作平台,采用半实物仿真模拟开展项目研制,即采用仿实方案,操作结果通过电视或投影显示设备反馈给受训人员。实时仿真设备完成指令控制和效果显示,接口设备完成数据采集和通讯,仿真机实现虚拟钻机模拟训练。     

两次严重影响湖南的登陆台风水汽场特征数值模拟

针对造成湖南省特大暴雨过程的碧利斯和圣帕两次台风,利用气象、水文加密观测资料及NCEP再分析资料,结合中尺度数值预报模式AREM的模拟结果,对它们独特的水汽场特征进行了对比分析.结果表明:这两次台风的共同特点是有两条主要水汽输送通道,即与西南季风相联系的偏南风水汽通道和与台风低压环流相联系的偏北风水汽通道;凝结降水的水汽主要来源于低层风场辐合和水汽平流,并通过局地垂直运动再将其输送到中高层;在湘东南强降水区上空始终存在强的水汽水平辐合和水汽垂直输送,比较而言,圣帕台风暴雨区上空水汽通量更强,但水汽通量辐合强度却小于碧利斯台风,水汽辐合层也不及后者深厚,但前者由于自身旋转性强,低压环流中心南部的切变较长时间维持,并自东向西转动,使得强降水持续时间更长,过程雨量更大,影响范围也更大.碧利斯水汽主要源地较圣帕更加偏南,水汽辐合更强,与南海季风的相互作用更显著,降水时段集中,局部地区短时间内的降雨强度甚至超过了圣帕.     

Excitation of the oxygen nightglow on the terrestrial planets

A scheme of excitation, quenching, and energy transfer processes in the oxygen nightglow on the Earth, Venus, and Mars has been developed based on the observed nightglow intensities and vertical profiles, measured reaction rate coefficients, and photochemical models of the nighttime atmospheres of the Venus and Mars. The scheme involves improved radiative lifetimes of some band systems, calculated yields of the seven electronic states of O₂ in termolecular association, and rate coefficients of seven processes of electronic quenching of the Herzberg states of O₂, which are evaluated by fitting to the nightglow observations. Electronic quenching of the vibrationally excited Herzberg states by O₂ and N₂ in the Earth's nightglow is a quarter of total collisional removal of the O₂(A, A′) states and a dominant branch for the O₂(c) state. The scheme supports the conclusion by Steadman and Thrush (1994) that the green line is excited by energy transfer from the O₂(A³Σ_u⁺, v≥6) molecules, and the inferred rate coefficient of this transfer is 1.5×10⁻¹¹ cm³ s⁻¹. The O₂ bands at 762 nm and 1.27 μm are excited directly, by quenching of the Herzberg states, and by energy transfer from the O₂(⁵Π_g) state. Quenching of the O₂ band at 762 nm excites the band at 1.27 μm as well. Effective yield of the O₂(a¹Δ_g) state in termolecular association on Venus and Mars is ∼0.7. Quantitative assessments of all these processes have been made. A possible reaction of O₂(c¹Σ_u⁻)+CO is a very minor branch of recombination of CO₂ on Venus and Mars. Night airglow on Mars is calculated for typical conditions of the nighttime atmosphere. The calculated vertical intensity of the O₂ band at 1.27 μm is 13 kR, far below the recently reported detections.     

智能化桩基超声波CT检测系统研究

提出智能化桩基超声波CT检测系统是超声波检测技术发展的方向。它主要通过跨孔扇形检测得到数据,CT智能反演成像得到图像,分析得到缺陷情况。这里系统地介绍了智能化桩基超声波CT检测系统的形成、理论基础、关键技术和应用情况, 引入了模拟退火反演的理论,分析了两者的相互关系。经工程实例验证,超声成像技术能较好地反映桩体内部缺陷情况,包括大小、严重程度,且结果直观。     

极大熵准则在降雨强度-历时-频率模型参数估计中的应用

根据频率与重现期的关系推导出三类常用降雨强度-历时-频率模型的无条件及条件概率分布(概率密度)函数及与模型相对应的约束。极大熵与极大似然准则产生一致估计,本文尝试基于极大熵准则建立降雨强度-历时-频率模型参数估计的优化模型,应用模拟退火算法求解该优化模型。根据比较发现,极大熵估计有时比常用的极大似然估计和最小二乘估计更精确。     

绿洲灌区参考作物蒸散量的测算

参考作物蒸散量(ET0)是计算作物需水量的关键因子,目前计算ET0最准确的方法主要是FAO Penman-Monteith模型,但该模型需要大量的参数而在有些地区难以应用。为了寻求利用有限参数确定ET0的适用方法,将模拟蒸散仪（Simulated ETgage Atmometer）实测ET0值与FAO Penman-Monteith等7种常用的、参数需求不同的模型计算的ET0值进行了比较研究。结果表明:①模拟蒸散仪实测ET0值与FAO Penman-Monteith模型计算结果非常接近,说明绿洲灌区ET0可以用模拟蒸散仪直接测定,若参数齐全也可用FAO Penman-Monteith模型直接计算;②如果有效参数仅可满足Hargreaves模型计算需求,也可用该模型计算ET0,但在精确的灌溉设计和农田水量平衡测算中该模型计算的5—8月值需要降低5.2%;③建立了Jensen-Haise、FAO-17 Penman、FAO-24 Radiation等模型的修正模型,若有效参数仅能满足这些模型的计算需求,就可用这些修正模型准确计算试区ET0;④Makkink模型和Priestley-Taylor模型不能用于试区ET0的准确计算。     

A stratified optimization method for a multivariate marine environmental monitoring network in the Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent sea

An efficient monitoring network is very important in accessing the marine environmental quality and its protection and management. In an estuary, there are fronts that separate distinctly different water masses and affect material transport, nutrient distribution, pollutant aggregation, and diffusion. This stratified heterogeneous surface neither satisfies the stationary requirements of kriging, nor can be handled adequately by removing a spatially continuous trend. This article presents a stratified optimization method for a multivariate monitoring network. In this method, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimensionality of the correlated targets, and the mean of surface with nonhomogeneity (MSN) method was adopted to produce the best linear unbiased estimator for a spatially stratified heterogeneous surface that failed to satisfy the requirements for a kriging estimate. The existing monitoring network in the Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent sea, which was designed by purposive sampling year ago was optimized as an illustration. The optimization consisted of two steps: reduce the redundant monitoring sites and then optimally add new sites to the remaining sites. After optimization, the inclusion of 51 sites in the monitoring network was found to produce a smaller total estimated error than that of the current network, which has 70 sites; moreover, the use of 55 sites can produce a higher precision of estimation for all three principal components (PCs) than that of the current 70 sites. The results demonstrated that the proposed method is suitable for optimizing environmental monitoring sites that have dominant stratified nonhomogeneity and that involve multiple factors.     

A simulation of radiation imagery for ocean color satellite

The ocean color satellite is mainly applied to measure the water constituents such as chlorophyll, suspended material and yellow substance. The leaving water radiance is very small part of the total radiance arrival at the sensor about 3%-15%,and depends on the properties of the orbit and sensor. Before the satellite is launched on the orbit, it needs to simulate the radiation imagery in order to evaluate the quality and availability of the satellite data.
If the parameters of satellite orbit, the properties of sensor as well as the characteristics of the atmosphere and water have been known, the radiation scattered by air molecule and aerosol, reflected solar radiation, water leaving and total radiation arriving at the sensor can be simulated by the models of radiation transfer in the atmosphere, air/water and subsurface water. In this paper, the mechanism, models and procedures of the radiation simulation are first discussed and employed to simulate a series of imageries for the Chinese satellites FY-lA, FY-1B, and ROCSAT-1 (Taiwan, China), and American satellite Ses STAR. Their results show that the solar irradiance arrived at water surface and the sun glitter mainly affect the quality and availability of satellite data, which depend on the orbit properties. Finally, some suggestions are proposed to improve the quality and availability of a:ean color satellite data.     

Using beryllium‐7 to monitor the relative proportions of interrill and rill erosion from loessal soil slopes in a single rainfall event

Quantifying the relative proportions of soil losses due to interrill and rill erosion processes during erosion events is an important factor in predicting total soil losses and sediment transport and deposition. Beryllium‐7 (⁷Be) can provide a convenient way to trace sediment movement over short timescales providing information that can potentially be applied to longer‐term, larger‐scale erosion processes. We used simulated rainstorms to generate soil erosion from two experimental plots (5 m × 4 m; 25° slope) containing a bare, hand‐cultivated loessal soil, and measured ⁷Be activities to identify the erosion processes contributing to eroded material movement and/or deposition in a flat area at the foot of the slope. Based on the mass balance of ⁷Be detected in the eroded soil source and in the sediments, the proportions of material from interrill and rill erosion processes were estimated in the total soil losses, the deposited sediments in the flat area, and in the suspended sediments discharged from the plots. The proportion of interrill eroded material in the discharged sediment decreased over time as that of rill eroded material increased. The amount of deposited material was greatly affected by overland flow rates. The estimated amounts of rill eroded material calculated using ⁷Be activities were in good agreement with those based on physical measurements of total plot rill volumes. Although time lags of 45 and 11 minutes existed between detection of sediment being removed by rill erosion, based on ⁷Be activities, and observed rill initiation times, our results suggest that the use of ⁷Be tracer has the potential to accurately quantify the processes of erosion from bare, loessal cultivated slopes and of deposition in flatter, downslope areas that occur in single rainfall events. Such measurements could be applied to estimate longer‐term erosion occurring over larger areas possessing similar landforms. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.