瑞利光学厚度模型的适用性讨论与条件性构建

瑞利散射是生活中重要而又常见的自然现象之一,瑞利光学厚度是衡量瑞利散射强度的重要指标。通过对大气散射理论和瑞利光学厚度理论的梳理,总结了现有瑞利光学厚度两类模拟模型的优缺点。随着全球气候变化中CO_2浓度已突破400 ppm,近似数值模型因受到大气温度和CO_2浓度为300 ppm的背景条件的限制会导致部分模型误差的增加;而理论离散模型虽然有明确的物理意义,对CO_2浓度也具有自适应性,模拟结果理论上可信可靠,但各相关输入物理参数求解复杂。为获得满足CO_2浓度为400 ppm的近似数值模型,通过对不同高度和纬度的九个试验地点,以理论离散模型为基础,模拟特定大气条件下(P0=1 atm, T=15℃, CO_2=400 ppm)的瑞利光学厚度。通过拟合分析得出,瑞利散射强度与波长的4.529次方成反比,且在紫外—蓝波段CO_2浓度对瑞利光学厚度的贡献在10~(–4)—10~(–3)数量级。因此,在CO_2浓度发生改变的情况下,以理论离散模型为主要算法模拟瑞利光学厚度将能更好的提高模型的自适应性并减少模型本身带来的误差;并通过该模拟结果可进一步获得该大气条件下的计算简单方便的数值模拟模型。     

硅热还原氮化法粉煤灰制备Sialon粉体的研究

在流动的N2气中,以粉煤灰和硅粉为原料,添加理论值和超理论值的硅粉,配料制成坯体,研究了坯体在1350~1500℃下氮化反应6 h的质量变化、物相转化规律和产物的形态特征。结果表明,坯体在1350℃、1400℃和1450℃时质量不断增加,1500℃时则急剧下降;1450℃时-βSialon含量最大,O-’Sialon则最低,当硅含量超理论值的10%时,Sialon固溶体总含量达到最大值(85.6%);Sialon形态多为花瓣状聚集态,并伴随出现少量的Si3N4纤维。     

西江磨刀门水道枯季咸淡水混合特征和二氧化碳分压分布

为了探讨珠江三角洲西江磨刀门水道枯季咸淡水混合特征与水体二氧化碳分压变化的关系,2006年12月18日沿磨刀门水道实测了36个样点表层水体的理化参数。采用相关分析和曲线拟合的方法,分析了表层水体二氧化碳分压的分布特征,结果表明,水体二氧化碳分压值介于147~364 Pa,平均值为201 Pa,随航距呈现出复杂多变的减小趋势,其复杂突变发生在航距24~38 km(即盐度3~6)内。分析认为,咸淡水混合及其潮汐冲刷作用影响了理化参数的时空变化,控制着河流碳的生物地球化学行为。     

Regional study on potential CO2 geosequestration in the Collie Basin and the Southern Perth Basin of Western Australia

Coal-fired power stations in Collie, Western Australia emit 10 million tonnes of CO₂ per year. This study assesses the potential opportunities of geological storage of CO₂ both within the Collie Basin and the onshore part of the adjacent Southern Perth Basin of Western Australia within 50 km of Collie town site through a desktop evaluation of existing data. The aquifers and coal formations within both basins have been evaluated for their suitability for storage based on geological, geographical and environmental criteria related to storage capacity, injectivity, proximity to sources of CO₂, location of other natural resources and containment security. The study has concluded that there is limited scope for large-scale storage of CO₂ within the Collie Basin. In addition the potential for storage within coals of either basin is not a viable solution. This assessment is based on published criteria for CO₂ storage in sedimentary basins and coal-bearing formations.     

A multilayer study of pCO2 in the surface waters of the Yellow and South China Seas in spring and the sea-air carbon dioxide flux

A multilayer study of pCO₂ for the Yellow and South China Seas in the surface waters was conducted based on data from four cruises sponsored by the China SOLAS Project in 2005 and 2006, including data for the surface microlayer (SML), subsurface layer (SSL) and surface layer (SL). The carbon fluxes across the air-sea interface were calculated. The results showed that the pCO₂ values in the surface waters of the study area decreased in the following order: pCO_{2 SML} > pCO_{2 SSL} > pCO_{2 SL}. The highest values were found in March for all SML, SSL and SL, followed by those in April, and the lowest were in May. The pCO₂ values had a significant positive correlation with temperature or salinity. While there was no relationship between pCO₂ and longitude, there was a significant negative correlation between it and latitude, i.e., ‘high latitude low pCO₂’. By using four calculation models, the carbon dioxide fluxes ( ) in spring in the Yellow and South China Seas, which were found to act as a ‘sink’ of atmospheric CO₂, were preliminarily estimated on the basis of the pCO₂ data in the SML to be −7.00×10⁶t C and −22.35×10⁶t C, respectively. It is suggested that the calculated on the basis of pCO₂ data in the SML is more reliable than that calculated on the basis of those in the SL.     

Spatial and temporal variations of pCO2, dissolved inorganic carbon and stable isotopes along a temperate karstic watercourse

This study investigated CO₂ degassing and related carbon isotope fractionation effects in the Wiesent River that drains a catchment in the karst terrain of the Franconian Alb, Southern Germany. The river was investigated by physico‐chemical and stable isotope analyses of water and dissolved inorganic carbon during all seasons along 65‐km long downstream transects between source and mouth. Calculated pCO₂ values at the source were 21 400 ± 2400 µatm. The pCO₂ rapidly decreased in the river water and dropped to an average of 1240 ± 330 µatm near the mouth. About 90% of this decrease occurred within the first 6 km of the river. The river was supersaturated with respect to CO₂ over its entire course and must have acted as a continuous year‐round CO₂ source to the atmosphere. The average CO₂ flux from the karst river was estimated with 450 mmol m^?2 day^?1 with higher fluxes up to 5680 mmol m^?2 day^?1 at the source. At the source, δ¹³C_DIC values showed no seasonal variations with an average of ?14.2 ± 0.2‰. This indicated that groundwater retained high pCO₂ mainly from soil CO₂. The contribution of soil CO₂ to dissolved inorganic carbon was estimated at 65% to 72%. The downstream CO₂ loss caused a positive shift in δ¹³C_DIC values of 2‰ between source and mouth because of the preferential loss of the ¹²C isotope during degassing. Considering the findings of this study and the fact that carbonate lithology covers a significant part of the earth's surface, CO₂ evasion from karst regions might contribute notably to the annual carbon dioxide release from global freshwater systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Beyond carbon pricing: policy levers for negative emissions technologies

This paper explores policies for Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs), in an attempt to move beyond the supply-side focus of the majority of NETs research, as well as the current dominance of carbon pricing as the main NETs policy proposal. The paper identifies a number of existing policies from four key areas – energy/transport, agriculture, sub-soil, and oceans – which will have an impact on three NETs: Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), Direct Air Capture (DAC), and terrestrial Enhanced Rock Weathering (ERW). We propose that non-climate co-benefits may be valuable in terms of the policy ‘demand pull’ for NETs; in particular, we find that ERW may provide multiple co-benefits which can be mandated through existing policy structures. However, interaction with numerous policy areas may also create barriers, particularly where there is tension between the priorities of different government departments. On the basis of existing and analogous policies from a range of geographical contexts and scales, this paper proposes four options for NETs policy that could be reasonably implemented in the near-term. We also argue that ERW demonstrates the importance of scale and framing, because the policy environment depends on whether it is framed as a soil amendment at local scales or as a climate stabilization technique at international scale.

Key policy insights

• Co-benefits may assist the ‘demand pull’ for novel technologies by providing multiple policy angles for incentivisation rather than relying on a ‘fix-all’ policy such as a high carbon price.

• DAC with storage might be overly reliant on a high carbon price, because it only provides one core benefit – that of atmospheric carbon reduction.

• ERW may provide multiple co-benefits which can be mandated through existing policy structures, but should focus on using waste rock rather than mining virgin material.

• We propose four near-term options for NETs policy: funding for small-scale BECCS demonstration and an international biomass certification mechanism; small-scale loans for ERW on farms and promotion of locally-sourced rock residues; amendment of fertilizer subsidy schemes to include silicate rock; and a clearer framework for licensing sub-soil access for CO₂ storage.

     

成都市夏季臭氧污染特征及影响因素

利用2014年夏季成都市3个国控环境监测站（金泉两河,君平街和梁家巷）O₃、NO₂及PM_2.5逐时观测数据,结合国家基准站温江站的气温、湿度、风速、风向、太阳辐照度、降雨等地面气象要素观测资料,分析O₃的日、月变化及空间分布特征;探究前体物及气象因子对O₃浓度的影响。结果表明：成都市O₃-8 h平均浓度为104.4 μg·m^-3,O₃超标率为2.8%—15.3%。O₃浓度6月最高,8月最低;呈现明显的“单峰型”日变化特征,午后15：00达到峰值。O₃与NO₂呈现负相关,相关系数为-0.5;与PM_2.5无显著相关性。高温、低湿、强太阳辐射有利于O₃的形成;风速为2.5—3.0 m·s^-1,风向为南风时,O₃浓度相对较高。     

Estimation of carbon dioxide flux degassing from percolating waters in a karst cave: Case study from Bijambare cave,Bosnia and Herzegovina

Drip water, collected above three actively forming stalagmites, has been analyzed and the results discussed using a calcite saturation index versus equilibrium carbon dioxide partial pressure theoretical relationship. Percolating water appears to have been originated from a parent solution in equilibrium with a carbon dioxide rich gas phase having a minimum concentration varying between 15,000 ppmv and 26,000 ppmv while large part of the variability recorded in the cave can be explained by different stage of degassing. Similarly, analyses performed at several cave pools confirm that drip water rapidly achieves equilibrium with the cave atmosphere after impact on the stalagmite apex, while oversaturation is retained longer. Using these boundary conditions, the changes in inorganic carbon concentration in the percolating water have been calculated and converted into fluxes using an average effective infiltration flow estimated from the annual water balance.The predicted flux of carbon dioxide degassing from drip water is in the range of 0.03–0.06 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. This flux has been found to be one of the major sources of carbon dioxide in the cave atmosphere during low ventilation periods.     

A Review of the Biogeochemical Cycles of Dissolved Silicon in Rivers

The riverine dissolved silicon (DSi) brings environmental information on biogeochemical processes of terrestrial surface, of which the input, transferring, transformation and output are influenced by many factors. Among the weathering of global silicate rocks, 31.53%~64.87% of DSi are intercepted by terrestrial vegetation and only about 12.9% are transferred into rivers. During being transported into ocean, riverine DSi gets impacts from aquatic biological absorption, reverse weathering process and artificial lake effect. The quantity of output is further reduced, which weakens the effect of the oceanic biological pump. According to limited data, the DSi concentration of global rivers has a large variation, ranging from 138 μmol/L to 218μmol/L. It is necessary to quantify contribution rates of influencing factors and establish output models controlled by multiple factors. The δ³⁰Si of riverine DSi ranges from -0.2‰ to 3.4‰. Comparing with the δ³⁰Si of silicate rock, which is about -0.5‰, the fractionation factor is significantly partial to positive from 0.3‰ to 3.9‰. That is because of the occurrence of kinetic fractionation process in river basin including inorganic and organic fractionation. Thus, the key problems, sources and transformation mechanisms of riverine DSi during migration and being transported should be solved in future.