Benthic Foraminifera in Siliceous Black Ore from the Ezuri Kuroko Deposit, Hokuroku District, Japan

Abstract: Abundant benthic foraminifera have been identified in thin sections of the siliceous black ore in the Ezuri Kuroko deposit, Hokuroku, Japan. By treating samples with conventional hydrofluoric acid digestion techniques, sponge spicules and radiolaria have also been recognized in the residue. Under microscopic observations, 94 individual foraminiferal specimens have been detected. However, as it is difficult to identify species or genera by means of microscope observations alone, only a small number of genera have been identified based on morphology. The foraminiferal assemblage is composed predominantly of agglutinated species (83%) with subordinate calcareous species (17%), and is assigned to the Cyclammina Assemblage based on the preponderance of Cyclammina (57%). The foraminifera are generally well preserved within micro‐crystalline to cryptocrystalline quartz, and exhibit no obvious features related to compaction or secondary deformation. Textural observations suggest that the siliceous component of this rock was not derived from an allochthonous block but instead constitutes autochthonous proto‐Kuroko sediment. The Cyclammina Assemblage in the ore is different from recently described foraminiferal assemblages in the vicinity of present deep‐sea hydrothermal vents, but is identical to those found in black shales of the Onnagawa to Funakawa stages in the Green Tuff region. The proto‐Kuroko sediment is assumed to have been deposited in an oxygen‐deficient environment within a closed, deep‐seated basin. The existence of siliceous microfossils suggests that the silica in the siliceous ore did not originate from silica sinter deposits produced by submarine hydrothermal activities, but from a biogenic siliceous ooze, probably composed of diatoms. Sulfide mineralization in the interstices of some of the microfossils is inferred to relate primarily to bacterial sulfate reduction associated with the decomposition of organic matter. The later sulfide mineralization associated with larger crystals (which contain fluid inclusions with homogenization temperatures of approximately 250C) cuts across the siliceous masses and foraminiferal septa, and may have been formed after consolidation of the siliceous ooze, accompanying the formation of acidic intrusive rocks during the late Onnagawa stage.     

陕西洛南县蓟县系洛南群层控玉化硅质岩特征、成因及意义*

华北板块南缘陕西洛南县北部中元古界蓟县系洛南群巡检司组顶部层控玉化硅质岩中,发育似层状硅质玉髓及透镜状燧石,这些燧石及硅质玉髓已经玉化,质细色艳,达到高品级石英岩质玉石级别,已申报为国家宝玉石矿种,并在宝玉石市场崭露头角,显示出巨大的经济开发潜力。作者以岩石学及地球化学分析为手段,研究该层控玉化硅质岩特征、成因及意义。研究表明: (1)层控玉化硅质岩赋存于中元古界蓟县系洛南群巡检司组顶部的紫红色、灰绿色薄层状砂泥质板岩层中,层厚一般0.5~4 m;似层状玉髓多呈紫红色、灰绿色、烟灰色和无色等,透镜状燧石多呈紫红色及灰绿色似玛瑙纹圈层状。(2)硅质玉髓主要成分为石英,隐晶、微晶结构,块状构造,质地细腻、坚硬,玻璃光泽,半透明—微透明;其Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)均值为0.62,Zr/Hf均值为34.83,Sr/Ba均值除1个异常点外为0.50,V/Ni均值为0.37,ΣREE均值为5.11,δCe均值为1.02,δEu均值为0.86,La_N/Ce_N均值为0.85,总体显示淡水沉积环境,硅质来源主要为陆源来源,也有后期热液作用来源的部分加入。(3)似层状硅质玉髓层是由于快速海退引起的淡水淋滤硅化作用形成的海底硬底构造或硅质壳;似玛瑙纹透镜状燧石及彩色似层状硅质玉髓层是由于沉积期及沉积期后成岩作用氧化还原条件变化,及后期热液侵入烘烤引起的紫色与绿色致色矿物或致色元素转变形成;角砾状燧石是由于后期秦岭强烈构造作用,引起似层状硅质玉髓上下岩层因软硬差异而产生的变形破裂作用形成的构造角砾岩。     

银额盆地及邻区二叠系硅质岩岩石学、地球化学特征及沉积环境

通过对研究区二叠系硅质岩岩石学特征、主量及稀土元素地球化学研究,探讨硅质岩的地球化学特征及其沉积环境。结果表明,杭乌拉下二叠统埋汗哈达组硅质岩Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值介于0.68~0.78之间,平均值为0.73,δCe值为0.89~0.94,平均值为0.90,二断井中二叠统菊石滩组Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值介于0.50~0.67之间,平均值为0.60,δCe值介于0.85~0.90之间,平均值为0.88,在Al-Fe-Mn三角图上,样品点落入生物成因硅质岩区,指示研究区硅质岩为海水生物沉积成因。杭乌拉下二叠统埋汗哈达组硅质岩Al_2O_3/(Al_2O_3+Fe_2O_3)值为0.78~0.86,平均值为0.83,Mn O/Ti O2值为0.04~0.40,平均值为0.16,(La/Ce)N值为1.02~1.15,平均值为1.10,Ceanom值为-0.041~-0.001,平均值为-0.029,二断井中二叠统菊石滩组硅质岩Al_2O_3/(Al_2O_3+Fe_2O_3)值为0.82~0.91,平均值为0.87,Mn O/Ti O2值为0.05~0.47,平均值为0.24,(La/Ce)N值为1.00~1.12,平均值为1.06,Ceanom值为-0.058~-0.033,平均值为-0.045。这些地球化学指标指示了研究区硅质岩沉积于大陆边缘缺氧的水体环境中。     

甘肃北山地区红山铁矿硅质岩的地球化学特征及沉积环境

通过野外地质调查和系统的岩石主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素等的研究,探讨红山铁矿床硅质岩的地球化学特征及其沉积环境。红山铁矿床中广泛发育一套与铁矿体呈共生关系的硅质岩。研究表明,与铁矿密切共生的呈层状和透镜状产出的灰色、紫红色硅质岩总体属于低硅类型的硅质岩。在SiO2-Al2O3判别图解中,SiO2与Al2O3负相关,样品数据点均落入热水沉积区域;稀土元素配分模式经北美页岩标准化后呈平缓型,与东太平洋热泉水、红海热卤水具有相似的正Eu异常和配分模式,δEu值均大于1,显示热水沉积的特征;硅质岩中的V、Ni、Cu、Ba等微量元素的含量具有陆缘海盆热水沉积的特征。     

Process of Diagenetic System in Shale and Its Restrict on Occurrence of SiO2: A Case Study of the Longmaxi Formation in the Southeast District of Chongqing

The occurrence of SiO₂ has important significance for the development of shale gas, and its genetic mechanism is closely associated with the diagenetic system. Based on the data from field outcrops and drilling cores, we systematically studied the main controlling factors of diagenetic system, the diagenetic process model and its influences on the SiO₂ occurrence of shale in Longmaxi Formation, by means of X-ray diffraction analysis, cathode luminescence, scanning electron microscope, energy spectrum analysis and other research methods. The results show that the process of diagenetic system of shale in Longmaxi Formation is quite complicated and the diagenetic phenomenon is rich. The diagenetic control factors were greatly influenced by deposition mechanism in the early stage, and restricted by the diagenetic mechanism in the middle and late stage, while they were mainly affected by the tectonic mechanism in the late stage. The diagenesis system had apparent phase characteristics influence by tectonic movement, especially for Himalayan stage. During this period, shale formation were greatly uplifted, which not only promoted the connectivity of shale and the outside system, and made dissolution and micro cracks become more developed, but also changed reservoir physical property, hydrocarbon generation and preservation conditions of hydrocarbon obviously. Generally, the different chemical fluids restricted the origin of siliceous in different evolution stages of diagenetic. The occurrence of SiO₂ was mainly composed of continental quartz and opal in the early stage and slowly began to increase typomorphic quartz, while the medium-coarse grained quartz began to develop in the quartz veins after tectonic movements.     

扬子地台西缘盐源盆地下志留统龙马溪组黑色页岩硅质成因及沉积环境

为了探讨盐源盆地富有机质页岩形成原因,促进区域页岩气的勘探开发,本文主要通过元素地球化学特征研究了龙马溪组页岩硅质成因及沉积环境。结果表明,研究区龙马溪组黑色岩系富含有机质且硅质含量较高,Al_2O_3与TiO_2呈正相关与SiO2/Al_2O_3呈负相关说明硅质成分具有较多陆源碎屑成因。高含量的过量硅(Si过量),较低的Mg O含量,Ba、As、Sb、Sc等元素的高度富集、轻稀土富集、正Eu异常、矿物中的放射虫等微生物化石以及斑脱岩的存在说明硅质主要为生物成因,同时受到热水沉积及火山作用的影响。氧化还原敏感性元素V、Ni、U较富集,铈负异常、铕正异常以及草莓状黄铁矿等特征及相关图解一致表明其形成于被动大陆边缘深水陆棚缺氧的还原水体环境,同时受到一定程度的上升洋流或者热水影响,沉积了深海沉积物。生物成因及热水成因(火山成因)的页岩常富含有机质,还原的水体环境有利于有机质的保存,在此沉积环境下,形成的研究区龙马溪组黑色页岩有机质丰度高,类型较好,厚度较大,初步认为具有较好的资源潜力。     

湘赣中、上奥陶统烟溪组、对耳石组硅质岩成因

华南地区中-上奥陶统浅海半深海环境中广泛发育了一套高硅岩石,主要分布于湖南烟溪组和江西对耳石组。该套硅质岩呈东西条带状发育于扬子板块与华夏板块之间,地层厚度从东南到西北逐渐减薄,岩层多呈薄层状,含放射虫Protoentactinia sp.,部分岩样放射虫含量超过50%。分析结果表明,生物Si和陆源Si为本区硅质岩Si的重要来源,生物化学成因特征明显。硅质岩Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)比值＞0.45,K2O/Na2O比值范围为1.55~42.11,由微量元素Ni、V、B、Cr与Al2O3关系图来看,二者关系表现为部分线性、部分离散,U/Th比值为0.72。湘赣中部地区硅质岩中稀土元素含量偏高,东南部Ce元素略呈负异常,研究区∑LREE≈∑HREE,表明衡阳到赣州一带受一定火山、热水活动的影响。     

Geochemical Tracing of Ore-forming Material Sources of Carlin-type Gold Deposits in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi Triangle Area --A Case Study of the Application of the Combined Silicon Isotopes Geochemistry and Siliceous Cathodoluminescence Analysis

This paper deals with characteristics of silicon isotope compositions and siliceous cathodolumines-cence of host rocks, ores and hydrothermal silicified quartz of the Carlin-type ore deposits in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi triangle area. The study shows that primary silicified quartz is nonluminescent but quartz in host rocks andsecondary silicified quartz are luminescent by the action of cathode rays. Correspondingly, silicon isotope composi-tions of host rocks, ores and hydrothermal quartz veins are clearly distinguished. In strata from the Middle Triassic tothe "Dachang" host bed, δ~(30)Si of the host rocks ranges from 0.0‰-0.3‰, while that of primary ore-forming silici-fied fluids from -0.1‰ to -0.4‰, in the Upper Permian and Lower Carboniferous strata and Indosinian diabasehost beds, δ~(30)Si of the host rocks is from -0.1‰ to -0.2‰ and that of the primary silicified quartz veins from 0.3‰-0.5‰. This pattern demonstrates the following geochemical mineralization process: primary ore-forming sili-ceous fluids migrated upwards quickly along the main passages of deep-seated faults from mantle to crust and en-tered secondary faults where gold deposits were eventually formed as a result of permeation and replacement of thesiliceous ore-forming fluids into different ore-bearing strata. This gives important evidence for the fact that ore-forming fluids of this type of gold deposits were mainly derived from upper mantle differentiation and shows goodprospects for deep gold deposits and geochemical background for large and superlarge gold deposits.     

鄂西南利川二叠纪吴家坪组硅质岩成因及沉积环境

鄂西南利川吴家坪组硅质岩与海相石煤及多层火山粘土岩共生,产海绵骨针及放射虫化石,放射虫组合以泡沫虫类为主,内射球虫类次之,隐管虫类很少,代表外陆棚沉积环境。硅质岩的陆源元素Al、Ti含量较高,热水来源元素Fe、Mn含量较低,Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值在0.64~0.83之间,平均值0.73。在Al-Fe-Mn三角图中,样品位于或紧邻非热水沉积区,在 SiO₂- (K₂O+Na₂O)、SiO₂-Al₂O₃, (K₂O+Na₂O)-Al₂O₃ 图解中大多数样品落在火山成因区,少数位于火山成因与生物成因区之间。相对于沉积岩的微量元素丰度,生命元素Mo、V富集,指示热水沉积的特征元素Ba、As、Sc亏损。∑REE较低,∑LREE/∑HREE平均值为3.02,Ce、Eu均轻度负异常（δCe:0.75~0.83,平均值0.79;δEu:0.61~0.95, 平均值0.84）,经北美页岩标准化后稀土元素配分曲线近水平。以上地球化学特征表明研究区硅质岩属火山成因,并伴有生物作用。氧化还原判别指标U/Th、V/(V+Ni)及Ce_anom,沉积环境判别指标MnO/TiO₂,La_N/Yb_N 与判别图解100×TFe₂O₃/SiO₂-100 Al₂O₃/SiO₂、TFe₂O₃/(100-SiO₂)-Al₂O₃/(100-SiO₂)、TFe₂O₃/TiO₂-Al₂O₃/(Al₂O₃+TFe₂O₃)、La_N/Ce_N-Al₂O₃/(Al₂O₃+TFe₂O₃)与∑LREE/∑HREE-100×Eu/∑REE一致表明硅质岩形成于大陆边缘缺氧环境。     

贵州织金煤矿区晚二叠世煤地球化学性质变异的硅质低温热液流体效应

运用仪器中子活化分析、电离耦合等离子体原子发射光谱、X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射分析、带能谱仪的扫描电镜和逐级化学提取试验研究了贵州织金煤矿区上二叠统含煤岩系30号煤层中伴生元素的含量、赋存状态和矿物特征。结果表明,煤层中有高含量的脉状石英(9．4％),其δ^30Si、δ^18O值分别为0．6％。和15.4‰,表明脉状石英来源于硅质低温热液流体;脉状石英是煤中高含量Fe(2．31％)、Cu(356μg／g)、U(8μg／g)、Pd(2．1μg／g)、Pt(2．43μg／g)和Ir(0．006μg／g)的主要载体。