西藏革吉县尕尔穷铜金矿床地质特征及其成因意义

位于西藏阿里地区革吉县的尕尔穷铜金矿床是班公湖-怒江成矿带西段首个达到详查程度的大型铜金矿床。矿区发育三条断裂,其中F1和F2断层呈北东-南西向展布,F3断层为南北向展布。F1断裂产状复杂、延伸大于3000m,破碎带内发育的铜金矿体严格受其控制。目前,矿床主要由斑岩型钼(铜、金)矿体、接触带矽卡岩型铜金矿体、F1断裂破碎带内似IOCG型铁铜金矿体组成。不同矿体特征差别显著,斑岩型矿体主要产于石英闪长岩、花岗斑岩中,金属矿物以网脉状辉钼矿主,次为黄铜矿、磁铁矿、黄铁矿;矿物组合有磁铁矿+黄铁矿、黄铜矿+辉钼矿。矽卡岩型矿体主要产于石英闪长岩、花岗斑岩与碳酸盐岩接触带,呈层状、似层状,金属矿物主要为细脉-网脉状黄铜矿、斑铜矿、辉铜矿、铜蓝、自然铜、自然金、自然银,矿物组合为黄铜矿-磁铁矿-自然金、黄铜矿-斑铜矿-磁铁矿-自然金-银、黄铜矿-赤铁矿-自然金、辉钼矿、黄铜矿-自然金。破碎带内似IOCG型铁铜金矿体产于F1断裂破碎带,呈似层状,金属矿物以细脉-网脉状矿石和角砾状赤铁矿、磁铁矿、黄铜矿、斑铜矿、辉铜矿、铜蓝、自然金为主;矿物组合为黄铜矿-自然金、黄铜矿-斑铜矿-自然金-银矿、赤铁矿-磁铁矿-自然金、黄铜矿-自然金。根据矿床地质特征,综合前人研究资料,本文对矿床的成因进行了进一步探讨,认为尕尔穷铜金矿床是晚白垩世班怒洋关闭后南羌塘-三江复合板片与冈底斯-念青唐古拉板片之间弧-陆碰撞阶段形成的,具有与钾玄岩-高钾钙碱性闪长类岩体、陆-陆同碰撞钾玄岩-高钾钙碱性重熔型花岗斑岩有成因密切联系的构造-岩浆岩"三位一体"的成矿特征,即主矿体赋存于斑岩、矽卡岩、构造破碎带中形成的"斑岩-矽卡岩-似IOCG"型铜金矿床。     

Inverse Analysis of Deep Excavation Using Differential Evolution Algorithm

This paper presents the applications of the differential evolution (DE) algorithm in back analysis of soil parameters for deep excavation problems. A computer code, named Python‐based DE, is developed and incorporated into the commercial finite element software ABAQUS, with a parallel computing technique to run an FE analysis for all trail vectors of one generation in DE in multiple cores of a cluster, which dramatically reduces the computational time. A synthetic case and a well‐instrumented real case, that is, the Taipei National Enterprise Center (TNEC) project, are used to demonstrate the capability of the proposed back‐analysis procedure. Results show that multiple soil parameters are well identified by back analysis using a DE optimization algorithm for highly nonlinear problems. For the synthetic excavation case, the back‐analyzed parameters are basically identical to the input parameters that are used to generate synthetic response of wall deflection. For the TNEC case with a total of nine parameters to be back analyzed, the relative errors of wall deflection for the last three stages are 2.2, 1.1, and 1.0%, respectively. Robustness of the back‐estimated parameters is further illustrated by a forward prediction. The wall deflection in the subsequent stages can be satisfactorily predicted using the back‐analyzed soil parameters at early stages. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近50年气候变化对滦河上游径流的影响

为了解近50年滦河上游气温和降水气候的变化特征、趋势及其对该流域径流量的影响,利用1956-2009年滦河上游的实测气温、降水量和径流深资料,分析了该流域气温、降水和径流深的年均和季度变化的时间序列,并建立了该流域气候变化对径流影响的复相关回归模型。结果表明,年径流深随着年降水量的减少而减少,随着年平均气温的升高而减少;春、夏和秋季的径流深随着同期降水量和气温的变化趋势与年际变化趋势基本一致,但冬季径流深则相反,而且其变化幅度非常小。     

非贯通类节理岩体剪切变形规律分析

通过直剪条件下的模型试验研究具有相同连通率、含不同起伏角的共面闭合节理在不同法向应力作用下的剪切变形特征。试验结果表明：在达到峰值剪切强度前,剪切应力-位移曲线具有明显的线性段与非线性段;岩桥在法向与剪切荷载的共同作用下会产生一定程度的弱化,积累到一定程度时宏观表现为剪切应力软化。详细阐述了试验过程中裂纹发展的4个阶段并描述了剪切应力-剪切变形曲线变化的特征,提出一个能反映剪切应力-剪切变形曲线全过程的经验本构模型。新模型采用分段函数描述曲线变化特征。直剪试验数据分析表明,该模型能够拟合剪切应力-剪切变形变化发展趋势且具有较高的拟合精度,验证了模型的正确性。最后,对其存在的不足亦进行了简要分析     

用经验模型判断能力验证统计分析结果的合理性

能力验证是检测实验室识别与同行差异的一种途径,但中国合格评定国家认可委员会( CNAS)在组织能力验证时发现由于种种原因,有些实验室并不能秉承诚信的原则参加能力验证活动,导致统计分析结果“失真”.如何甄别这种情况,确保所有参加CNAS能力验证活动的实验室都获得公平的评价,这是CNAS亟待解决的问题.本文在用国内文献数据对经验模型进行修正的基础上,提出用上报数据目标标准偏差(或稳健标准偏差,sR)与基于经验模型的计算值之比(H值)是否小于0.5作为判据来审核上报数据统计分析结果的合理性.对13套能力验证数据分析表明:其中10套上报数据sR正常,3套数据存在问题.当目标标准偏差偏小,H＜0.5时,建议采用同样是稳健统计方法的迭代法代替四分位法来计算目标标准偏差(sR),或用经验模型计算结果代替实验值计算Z值.通过验证表明,借助Horwitz经验模型可以判断能力验证数据统计分析结果的合理性,并能有效地识别并防止由于某种原因导致对能力验证结果评价失效的情况.     

Application of Dynamic Subgrid-scale Models for Large-eddy Simulation of the Daytime Convective Boundary Layer over Heterogeneous Surfaces

The sensitivity of large-eddy simulation (LES) to the representation of subgrid-scale (SGS) processes is explored for the case of the convective boundary layer (CBL) developing over surfaces with varying degrees of spatial heterogeneity. Three representations of SGS processes are explored: the traditional constant Smagorinsky–Lilly model and two other dynamic models with Lagrangian averaging approaches to calculate the Smagorinsky coefficient (C _S ) and SGS Prandtl number (Pr). With initial data based roughly on the observed meteorology, simulations of daytime CBL growth are performed over surfaces with characteristics (i.e. fluxes and roughness) ranging from homogeneous, to striped heterogeneity, to a realistic representation of heterogeneity as derived from a recent field study. In both idealized tests and the realistic case, SGS sensitivities are mostly manifest near the surface and entrainment zone. However, unlike simulations over complex domains or under neutral or stable conditions, these differences for the CBL simulation, where large eddies dominate, are not significant enough to distinguish the performance of the different SGS models, irrespective of surface heterogeneity.     

基于能量原理的Park & Ang损伤模型简化计算方法

Park＆Ang损伤模型综合考虑了结构最大变形和累积滞回耗能的耦合作用,具有一定的先进性,被国内外研究者广泛采用;但由于该模型中参数的计算困难,尤其涉及结构滞回耗能的计算问题时,该模型的应用受到了一定的限制;文中从能量的关系入手,寻找出结构滞回耗能与结构最大位移的关系,利用该关系可方便求解出结构的滞回耗能,从而为该模型的计算提供了一种简便方法;最后,例题分析证明本文的方法简便可行,计算效率高。     

基于"山西2015速度模型"的定位方法对比研究

为了确定山西台网基于“山西2015速度模型”的相对固定的定位方法,选择2010~2016年最大空隙角小于45°、参与定位台站数大于40的103个地震事件,分别采用单纯形法、Hypo2000、Hyposat结合PTD等3种方法重新测定。结果显示,单纯形法和Hyposat结合PTD测定的残差以及网缘地震的震中距两方面均优于Hypo2000;在震源深度方面,Hyposat结合PTD的结果较为可信。综合分析认为,基于“山西2015速度模型”定位地震时,山西台网应固定使用Hyposat结合PTD的方法。     

An examination of the validation of a model of the hydro/thermo/mechanical behaviour of engineered clay barriers

This paper focuses attention on the development of a numerical model of the hydro/thermo/mechanical behaviour of unsaturated clay and its consequent verification and validation. The work presented describes on-going collaboration between the Cardiff School of Engineering and Atomic Energy of Canada. The model development, which was carried out at Cardiff, can be described as being based on a mechanistic approach to coupled heat, moisture and air flow. This is then linked to a deformation analysis of the material within a ‘consolidation’ type of model. The whole is solved via the finite element method to yield a computer software code named COMPASS (COde for Modelling PArtly Saturated Soil). Some aspects of verification and validation of the model have been addressed in-house. However, the purpose of current AECL work is to provide an independent, rigorous, structured programme of validation and the paper will also explore the further validation of COMPASS within this context. © 1998 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近四年来我国气候数值模拟与预报研究的进展

近年来，我国在气候问题中的数值模拟式研究方面有了相当大的发展。这主要表现在气候模式水平的迅速提高，以及利用气候模式进行了大量的气候数值模拟和预报试验研究工作。对我国１９９１￣１９９４年在这方面的主要研究进展进行了系统的总结。