三维激光扫描技术在溶洞探测中的应用

由于溶洞的特殊性,传统测量仪器已经不能满足当前对溶洞探测的要求。三维激光扫描技术采用非接触式高速激光测量方式,能在复杂的现场和空间对被测物体进行快速扫描测量,从而获得点云数据。文中介绍激光扫描的工作原理及三维激光扫描的工作流程,并给出采用Riegl LMS_Z420i三维激光扫描仪对吉首至茶洞高速公路吉首岸索塔基坑下的溶洞进行探测的实例。     

河北阜平神仙洞探测研究及开发建议

2015年在太行山区阜平1∶5万水文地质调查工作中发现了北方大型岩溶洞穴--神仙洞。2017年继续对该洞穴采用无纸化测量、三维激光扫描等方式进行重点探测,并比对两套数据以验证无纸化洞穴测量的精度与准确性。通过对神仙洞地下河开展的示踪试验,首次证实了神仙洞与金龙洞相连通;通过对神仙洞发育演化分析以及资源景观评价,认为神仙洞地质遗迹景观,特别是一些组合形态,在北方溶洞中具有较高价值,并提出保护性开发建议,旨在为集中连片特困区旅游扶贫开发提供精准支撑。     

浙江瑶琳洞风化碳酸钙景观复生试验

目前,世界上80%以上的风景旅游洞穴,开放后,大量游客涌入和高能景观灯的应用,洞穴环境及能量埸和化学埸发生了巨大变化,洞穴碳酸钙景观遭受严重破坏,其景观的美学价值大大降低。文中论述了在已遭风化破坏的碳酸钙景观上滴喷高Ca⁺²碱液,吸收洞穴空气CO₂,形成CaCO₃沉积层的试验。试验结果表明,Ca⁺²碱液滴喷技术可以恢复风化碳酸钙景观的美学度,同时又降低洞穴空气中的浓度,改善洞穴环境。     

Reconstructing fluvial incision rates based on palaeo-water tables in chalk karst networks along the Seine valley (Normandy,France)

Quantifying rates of river incision and continental uplift over Quaternary timescales offer the potential for modelling landscape change due to tectonic and climatic forcing. In many areas, river terraces form datable archives that help constrain the timing and rate of valley incision. However, old river terraces, with high-level deposits, are prone to weathering and often lack datable material. Where valleys are incised through karst areas, caves and sediments can be used to reconstruct the landscape evolution because they can record the elevation of palaeo-water tables and contain preserved datable material. In Normandy (N. France), the Seine River is entrenched into an extensive karstic chalk plateau. Previous estimates of valley incision were hampered by the lack of preserved datable fluvial terraces. A stack of abandoned phreatic cave passages preserved in the sides of the Seine valley can be used to reconstruct the landscape evolution of the region. Combining geomorphological observations, palaeomagnetic and U/Th dating of speleothem and sediments in eight caves along the Lower Seine valley, we have constructed a new age model for cave development and valley incision. Six identified cave levels up to ∼100 m a.s.l. were formed during the last ~1 Ma, coeval with the incision of the Seine River. Passage morphologies indicate that the caves formed in a shallow phreatic/epiphreatic setting, modified by sediment influxes. The valley's maximum age is constrained by the occurrence of late Pliocene marine sand. Palaeomagnetic dating of cave infills indicates that the highest-level caves were being infilled prior to 1.1 Ma. The evidence from the studied caves, complemented by fluvial terrace sequences, indicates that rapid river incision occurred during marine isotope stage (MIS) 28 to 20 (0.8–1 Ma), with maximal rates of ~0.30 m ka⁻¹, dropping to ~0.08 m ka⁻¹ between MIS 20–11 (0.8–0.4 Ma) and 0.05 m ka⁻¹ from MIS 5 to the present time. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

广丰县天桂岩石灰岩溶洞特征及旅游开发远景

本文在阐述天桂岩石灰岩溶洞规模,形态特征的基础上,对洞穴旅游开发远景作了初步评价,并提出开发建议,认为实行综合性的立体开发,能够提高其旅游价值。     

NICKPOINT RECESSION IN KARST TERRAINS: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE BUCHAN KARST,SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA

Nickpoint recession in the Buchan karst, southeastern Australia, has resulted in the formation of an underground meander cut-off system in the Murrindal River valley. Three nickpoints have been stranded in the surface channel abandoned by the subterranean piracy, and these can be correlated with river terraces and epiphreatic cave passages in the nearby Buchan River valley. The presence of palaeomagnetically reversed sediments in the youngest cave passage in the Buchan valley implies that the topographically lowest nickpoint in the Murrindal valley is more than 730 ka old, and the other nickpoints are probably several million years old. The nickpoints are occasionally active during floods, but the diversion of most surface flow underground has slowed down their retreat to the extent that they have been effectively stationary for several million years. Underground nickpoint migration has been by both incision within major phreatic conduits and their abandonment for lower-level passages. The nickpoints are all present in the upstream part of the cave system, but have not migrated past the sink in the river channel, despite the long period of time available for this to happen. The sink is characterized by collapsed limestone blocks; these filter out the coarse bedload from the river channel. As a result, erosion within the cave passages is dominantly solutional and therefore slower than in the surface channel, where it is mostly mechanical. In addition, to transmit a drop in base level the cave system requires the removal of a larger volume of rock than for the surface migration of a nickpoint, because any roof collapse material in the subsurface system must be removed. These factors have slowed the migration of the base-level changes through the subsurface system, and may be a general feature in caves that have diffuse sinks as their main inputs.     

钙华洞穴的形成与保护

钙华洞穴是由钙华或钙华与碳酸盐岩共同形成的封闭或半封闭的空间。按成因,钙华洞穴可分为沉淀型(建造型)和岩溶型(改造型)两种类型。沉淀型钙华洞穴是钙化瀑布发育过程中的产物,是由于水量的分异和流态的变化造成不同位置上CaCO3 沉积量的差异而出现洞穴空间雏型并经进一步发展形成;岩溶型钙华洞穴则是钙华体在溶蚀过程中伴有不同程度的塌陷和再造所致。钙华洞穴小巧玲珑,景观精美奇特,具有较高的观赏性,但由于钙华洞穴的顶板较薄,使其具有较多的不稳定性。另外,洞内的次生碳酸钙形态极易被污染破坏。因此在开发利用时,应对钙华洞穴的稳定性进行科学评价,并加强洞穴生态环境的保护和监测工作。      

Oxygen and carbon isotopic characteristics of rainwater, drip water and present speleothems in a cave in Guilin area, and their environmental meanings

The studies of the oxgen and carbon isotopes of the rainwater in Guilin area, the drip water and the present carbonate deposit in Panlong cave of Guilin show that: (i) as to the general characteristics of the oxygen isotopes of the rainwater within a year and between years, the δ18O values decrease with an increase of air temperature and the rainfall, and the correlation between δ18O values and the mean monthly air temperature is much better than that between δ18O values and the rainfall, and the δ18O values of the rainwater during the summer monsoon are much smaller than those during winter monsoon; (ii) δ18O values of the drip water have a quite good correlation with the δ18O values of the rainwater in the same period; (iii) when the conditions are appropriate, δ13C can be used as an environmental proxy, that is, the smaller δ13C of speleothems is, the larger the proportion of C3 plants is and the more plentiful the rainfall is. On the contrary, C4 plants may be prevailing or the environment may be a stony desert caused by climate changes or human activity.     

中国洞穴无脊椎动物的研究概况

我国喀斯特地貌发育强烈,主要分布在滇、黔、桂、湘、川、渝、鄂、浙等省区,洞穴无脊椎动物的研究也主要集中在这些省份。本文介绍了我国洞穴无脊椎动物研究的简史,列出了近20多年来我国发现的真洞穴无脊椎动物种类,并根据栖息环境的不同,将洞穴无脊椎动物划分为陆生群落和水生群落;着重介绍了蛛形纲、重足纲、昆虫纲、甲壳纲、腹足纲的研究现状。此外,对洞穴无脊椎动物的生态特征以及进化研究也进行了概述。然而,我国洞穴无脊椎动物的研究在国内重视程度不够,与国外同类研究相比还存在一定的距离。因此,深入系统地研究洞穴无脊椎动物,加大洞穴生物保护的宣传力度,防止生物多样性的流失,将是未来中国洞穴无脊椎动物研究前进的方向。      

天然荧光物质作为岩溶地下水的示踪剂研究——以湖北清江和尚洞为例

天然荧光物质作为岩溶地下水的示踪剂的相关报道较少。在详细研究了湖北清江和尚洞岩溶滴水中荧光物质的光谱特征及其季节变化的基础上,探讨了天然荧光物质作为岩溶示踪剂的可行性。研究结果表明,和尚洞岩溶滴水中的主要荧光物质是富里酸,其特征波长对为: 激发波长304nm,发射波长407nm。在年季旋回中,荧光强度与滴水的氧同位素组成有一致的季节变化( r = 0. 539, p >0. 99)。滴水δ18O和荧光强度峰值( 5月,初夏)出现明显滞后于补给水(冬季降水) ,两者的时间差指示了岩溶水的滞留。因此,天然荧光物质作为一种新型的地下水的示踪剂,具有灵敏、经济及环保等特点,特别适合源头未知的岩溶水示踪。