桩端灰岩溶洞探测

在基桩施工过程中,判明桩端3倍桩径深度范围内,灰岩岩体内是否隐伏溶洞等不良地质情况,进而决定是否终孔、浇灌基桩,具有重要的现实意义.作者以地震反射波法为理论基础,以单发单收地震勘探和基桩检测技术作为现场作业方法的基础,并吸取两者对勘探资料的解释经验,扼要介绍了运用该方法对湖南涟钢某工程人工挖孔嵌岩桩的桩端灰岩的检测结果及验证情况.     

旅游洞穴景点保护等级评价——以重庆酉阳太古洞为例

旅游洞穴景点分级保护有助于旅游洞穴的可持续发展。文章以重庆酉阳太古洞为例,分析太古洞景点特征,从洞穴景点品质属性、脆弱属性、管理属性三方面构建旅游洞穴景点保护等级评价指标体系,并运用层次分析法确定旅游洞穴景点保护等级评价因子权重,采用专家咨询法建立洞穴景点保护等级划分标准,利用菲什拜因—罗森伯格模型对太古洞旅游景点进行保护等级评价,评价结果：秦人足迹、雪域湖、鹅管、秦人巧手景点为一级保护点;地心溪流、君威在帽、景秀山河、龙宫水母景点为二级保护点;高山流水、太古石林、石葡萄景点为三级保护点;秦人斗豪景点为四级保护点。最后,利用太古洞景点保护等级评价结果,结合太古洞洞穴景点特征,兼顾管理,提出太古洞洞穴景点分等级保护的措施。     

不同二氧化碳浓度岩溶洞穴可培养细菌群落特征——以重庆雪玉洞和水鸣洞为例

以重庆雪玉洞和水鸣洞为例,在测试地球化学参数的基础上,在不同CO2浓度条件下利用4种分离培养基,富集培养不同类型（洞穴沉积物及洞壁）样品可培养细菌并进行系统进化分析。结果表明：（1）水鸣洞可培养细菌丰度明显高于雪玉洞;（2）分离纯化得到的244株细菌基于16S rRNA基因序列比对分析发现,细菌主要由变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）与异常球菌-栖热菌门（Deinococcus-Thermus）构成。Bacteroidetes只存在于高CO2浓度的雪玉洞,推测Bacteroidetes能耐受高CO2浓度;（3）CO2浓度是影响岩溶洞穴细菌丰度、群落与活动的重要因素之一,推测雪玉洞和水鸣洞的δ13C-CO2值偏负可能是微生物与水文地球化学作用共同影响的结果。     

湖南省攸县白龙洞洞穴特征及游览路线设计特色

白龙洞位于湖南省攸县漕泊乡,发育于石炭系白云质灰岩中,洞体宽大幽深,洞中有洞,钟乳石千姿百态,被誉为"湘东旅游第一洞".洞穴全长1086.8m,纵向最大高差48.1m,洞道宽度1~15m,高度3~12m,洞底总面积7830m2.依据亲近自然、以人为本的原则,白龙洞开发设计的核心是通过游览环线降低坡度和通过桥梁将垂向陡坎的上层通道相连,构成上下立体交叉的游览网络,方便游人,同时降低投资成本.在环线游览道上设计歇憩点,以缓解洞穴游览带来的疲劳,从而提高游览情趣.     

桂林市岩溶塌陷及防治

根据收集的大量钻探资料统计, 分析了桂林市岩溶地面塌陷的成因机制、分布规律及防治措施, 对桂林市的市政工程建设具有一定的参考价值。     

中国的洞穴与裂隙堆积

洞穴和裂隙堆积是陆相地层中一个重要的组成部分,经过一百多年的研究,它已成了我国地层表中的一个明确的时空单位,就目前信息,其地质时代从第三纪早期一直延续到第四纪晚期。本世纪发现的洞穴堆积地点上千处,其中含古人类和古猿类化石的地点已达40多个,与其伴生的哺乳动物化石400余种。这些珍贵的史料,对研究第三纪以来洞穴堆积地层的时序具有十分重要的意义。     

Typhoon rainfall impact on drip water δ18O in Xianyun cave,Southeast China

Precisely dated high-resolution speleothems may record past typhoon events, however, the state of the art cave monitoring is a prerequisite to identify suitable stalagmites for the reconstruction of such events. With this motivation, we examined the isotopic composition (δ¹⁸O and d-excess values) of rainfall, outside river, cave drip water, and an underground river in the Xianyun cave system, located in southeastern China. Monthly to bi-monthly monitoring of environmental and isotopic conditions was conducted for 1 year, from December 2018 to December 2019, including a typhoon event (August 24, 2019 to August 26, 2019), called Bailu. The δ¹⁸O of rainfall samples over the cave and outside river water ranged from −9.7‰ to −1.9‰ and −8.2‰ to −6.3‰, respectively, while the δ¹⁸O of Typhoon Bailu rainfall and instantaneous outside river water ranged from −19.6‰ to −6.3‰ and −10.4‰ to −7.7‰, respectively. Typhoon Bailu-induced rainfall showed distinctly negative δ¹⁸O values as compared to those of the monthly and bi-monthly rainfall, exhibiting a three-stage inverted U-shaped variation characteristic. Four drip water monitoring sites inside the cave revealed low variations during the studied period with average values of −7.8‰, −8.0‰, −8.0‰, and −8.1‰. However, during the typhoon, the drip water δ¹⁸O values exhibited similar characteristic as outside rainfall but with just 0.2‰ negative deviation owing to precipitation amount and drip water source reservoir. The integration of rainfall amount with drip water source reservoir determines the degree to which a typhoon isotopic signature gets diluted during epikarst infiltration. This study provides the first instrumental evidence of typhoon signal in karst system in southeastern China. Our results imply that the δ¹⁸O of drip water in Xianyun cave can instantaneously respond to typhoon rainfall. However, the 0.2‰ shift in drip water δ¹⁸O is difficult to be recorded by speleothems. We suggest multi-year monitoring to ascertain fully if the stalagmites could be used as paleotyphoon proxy.     

Water and air dynamics within a deep vadose zone of a karst massif: Observations from the Lukina jama–Trojama cave system (−1,431 m) in Dinaric karst (Croatia)

Extreme heterogeneity of karst systems makes them very challenging to study. Various processes within the system affect its global response, usually measured at karst springs. Research conducted in caves provides a unique opportunity for in situ analysis of separate processes in karst underground. The aim of the present study was to research the water and air dynamics within a deep karst system. Air and water basic physical parameters across the Lukina jama–Trojama cave system (?1,431 m) were continuously monitored during a 1‐year period. Recorded hydrograph of the siphon lake at the bottom of the cave was used to interpret the characteristics of an unexplored phreatic/epiphreatic conduit network. Water origin in the siphon was determined based on temperature and electrical conductivity. Air temperature and humidity monitoring revealed a strong inflow of air of sub‐zero temperature into the upper portion of the cave during winter. Cave passage morphology was interpreted as the main determinant of air dynamics, which caused ice to accumulate extensively in the upper portions of the cave and caused the temperature on the top of the homothermic zone to be significantly below the mean outside temperature. Air dynamics also lowered the temperature of water flowing through the cave vadose zone and feeding the phreatic zone of the massif. The pronounced temperature difference between the phreatic zone and the top of the homothermic zone probably contributed to the thermal gradient observed in the cave, which is steeper than in ice‐free caves in the area. Our results enabled the development of a conceptual model that describes coupling between air and water dynamics in the cave system and its surroundings.     

岩溶塌陷有限元稳定性分析

湖南省凤凰至大兴公路K0+500-K5+000段穿越碳酸盐岩区,据地面调查及钻探揭露,公路沿线发育溶洞,对区内岩溶地质环境进行了调查.选取典型溶洞,采用有限元稳定性分析方法对岩溶体稳定性进行分析,路堑开挖后产生的位移为1.2mm,最大主应力为6.3MPa,运营状态下静力荷载20kPa,通过计算溶洞在路堑开挖后和车辆荷载作用下位移场与应力场变化情况,认为溶洞是稳定的.     

CAD真三维实体模型在地下洞室边墙稳定性评价中的应用

CAD技术日益成熟,已成为工程应用技术的业界标准。CAD技术在地质工程领域的应用多基于二次开发,通过程序计算剖面线及剖面上的各种界线,再以线、面作为基本图元成图,这样计算相对复杂,特别是作三维分析不但数据量大、计算复杂,而且三维图形展示的效果通常不佳,本文结合大型水电工程应用实践,针对以往地下厂房边墙稳定性分析中长大结构面所控制块体组合的搜索、三维图形的分析、展示中的一些不足,探讨以实体来描述地质体的一种应用方法,通过数学建模,建立研究目标的CAD真三维实体模型,不但能得到良好的三维图形展示效果,而且能直接由图获取三维数据,为地下洞室边墙的稳定性分析提供了一种有力的辅助手段。