Channelled erosion through a marine dump site of dredge spoils at the mouth of the Puyallup River, Washington State, USA

Channels are relatively common on river-mouth deltas, but the process by which they arise from river sediment discharge is unclear because they can potentially be explained either by negatively buoyant (hyperpycnal) flows produced directly from the river outflow or by flows generated by repeated failure and mobilisation of sediment rapidly deposited at the delta front. Channels eroded through a dump site of dredge spoils are described here from multibeam and older sonar data collected in Commencement Bay, at the mouth of the Puyallup River. Shallow channels on the seaward upper surface of the dump site, away from any flows that could have been produced by delta front failures, suggest that at least some hyperpycnal flows were produced directly from the positively buoyant river outflow up to 200 m from the edge of the river mouth platform. The form of channel bed erosion is revealed by the longitudinal shape of the main eroded channel compared with the adjacent dump site profile. It suggests that the channel evolved by its steep front retreating, rather than by simple vertical entrenchment or diffusive-like evolution of the profile, a geometry interpreted as evidence that repeated failure of the bed occurred in response to shear stress imposed by bottom-travelling flows. Model calculations based on shear strengths back-calculated from the geometry of channel wall failures suggest that, if the main channel were eroded solely by hyperpycnal flows, their generation was remarkably efficient in order to create flows vigorous enough to cause channel bed failure. Besides the sediment concentration and discharge characteristics that have been considered to dictate the ability of rivers to produce hyperpycnal flows, it is suggested that the timing of floods with respect to the tidal cycle should also be important because extreme low tides may be needed to ensure that coarse sediment is transferred vigorously to the edge of river mouth platforms.     

南黄海辐射沙洲主要潮沟的变迁

利用1966年和1977年海图、1995年和2000年合成孔径雷达影像,结合1980年以来的陆地卫星影像和2000年的岸滩实测剖面资料对南黄海辐射沙洲区主要潮沟的位置进行了解译与分析,得出上述4个时期研究区内主要潮沟深泓线位置图。对不同时期潮沟深泓线位置图进行几何校准与叠加,对比潮沟深泓线的迁移。结果表明：潮沟具有往返周期性摆动的特点,短期摆动速度明显快于长期摆动,主沟槽最大变动速度达127m／a,而支沟槽变动速度更大。潮沟摆动与沙洲变化有明显的相关性,但两者间的关系较为复杂。辐射沙洲目前处于破碎、萎缩阶段,除沙洲中心及陆岸岸滩仍有淤积外,大部分沙洲处于侵蚀状况,同时沙洲有整体向陆迁移的趋势。     

深水声学拖曳系统

介绍了我国自主设计和研制的深水声学拖曳系统,它的最大工作水深4000m,安装有高分辨率测深侧扫声纳,可在近海底工作获得高分辨率的海底地形地貌和温盐深等数据.它的测深覆盖范围600m,侧扫覆盖范围800m,垂直航迹分辨率5cm,最小可检测高度10cm,测深分辨率高于目前的多波束测深系统.该系统已进行了湖试和海上锚泊试验.该系统的研制成功将对开展大陆架勘查,探测和开发国际海底资源发挥重要作用,拖曳系统中高分辨率测深侧扫声纳还可装船安装,在大陆架水域进行高分辨率海底地形地貌测绘.     

CLSM技术应用于化石硅藻微构造的尝试研究

首次采用激光扫描共聚焦显微系统(Confocal Laser Scanaing Microsystem)的新方法对西藏化石硅藻进行了微构造的尝试研究,通过对标本不同层面的系列扫描和三维重组立体图像的观察,揭示了采自西藏阿里地区和山南地区湖相沉积剖面的化石硅藻的微构造及形态特征,发现了某些对硅藻分类、示相特征的新标识,并在CLSM技术的应用方面获得了新的认识.     

Seafloor Geomorphology and Processes on the Western Continental Margin of India based on Multibeam Acoustic Backscatter Data Analysis

An assessment of the multibeam sonar data of the central Western Continental Margins of India has been carried out to evaluate the seafloor geomorphology and processes by examining the geomorphological attributes e.g., slope, sediments, structures, etc. associated with geomorphic features. The variation in relief and the features located in the region have been mapped and interpreted collectively by utilizing several geospatial mapping tools. The backscatter strength across the area, apparently congruent with the local relief, has helped to examine the sediment movement on the seafloor. The prominent features found in the region include faults, pockmarks, mounds, submarine terraces, and submerged fossil reefs. Several areas with varying topography engender comparable fractal dimension at short scale breaks, and the probability density functions (PDFs) utilizing backscatter data depicting overlapping classes. The present study highlights how fractals and scale break parameters can be utilized to determine the seafloor processes and associated sedimentological dynamics in a complex geographical environment with strong bottom currents, seasonal upwelling, and faulted structure. The role and impact of the various geomorphic processes on the reworking of sediment movement and the overall progression of the seafloor morphology has been revealed for the first time in this part of the ocean bottom.     

国内外侧扫声纳测量标准比较研究

由于侧扫声纳应用领域不断扩大,用户要求不断提高,国际海道测量组织和世界测量技术发达国家相继发布了各自的新版测量规范和标准。本文将我国侧扫声纳现行测量标准与国际相关标准在系统探测能力、测线布设、数据采集、质量控制等方面进行比较详细的分析比较,指出了我国侧扫声纳测量规范在测线布设、数据采集要求等方面的不足,旨在推进我国测量标准尽快实现与国际接轨。     

Single Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb Dating of the Guandimiao and Wawutang Granitic Plutons in Hunan, South China and Its Petrogenetic Significance

1 Introduction The South China Block (SCB), located between the Qinling-Dabie and Songma Indosinian sutures, experienced successively two important tectonic movements during the Mesozoic, i.e. the Indosinian movement (early Mesozoic) and the Yanshanian movement (late Mesozoic). Therefore, the generally accepted viewpoint is that the key geological problems during the Mesozoic are essentially the dynamics and material expression of these two tectonic movements in South China (Chen et al.…     

Bifurcation of volcanic plumes in a crosswind

Bent-over buoyant jets distorted by a crosscurrent develop a vortex pair structure and can bifurcate to produce two distinct lobes which diverge from one another downwind. The region downwind of the source between the lobes has relatively low proportions of discharged fluid. Factors invoked by previous workers to cause or enhance bifurcation include buoyancy, release of latent heat at the plume edge by evaporating water droplets, geometry and orientation of the source, and the encounter with a density interface on the rising path of the plume. We suggest that the pressure distribution around the vortex pair of a rising plume may initially trigger bifurcation. We also report new experimental observations confirming that bifurcation becomes stronger for stronger bent-over plumes, identifying that bifurcation can also occur for straight-edged plumes but gradually disappears for stronger plumes which form a gravity current at their final level and spread for a significant distance against the current. Observations from satellites and the ground are reviewed and confirm that volcanic plumes can show bifurcation and a large range of bifurcation angles. Many of the bifurcating plumes spread out at the tropopause level and suggest the tropopause may act on the plumes as a density interface enhancing bifurcation. Even for quite moderate bifurcation angles, the two plume lobes become rapidly separated downwind by distances of tens of kilometers. Such bifurcating plumes drifting apart can only result in bilobate tephra fall deposits. The tephra fall deposit from the 16 km elevation, SE spreading, bifurcating volcanic plume erupted on 15 May 1981 from Mt Pagan was sampled by previous workers and clearly displayed bilobate characteristics. Examples of bilobate tephra fall deposits are reviewed and their origin briefly discussed. Bilobate deposits are common and may result from many causes. Plume bifurcation should be considered one of the possible mechanisms which can account for come examples of bilobate tephra fall deposits.     

频谱段图像及其应用的探讨

本文描述了一种形成频谱段图像的方法,这种图像记录了相应地物的纹理信息。初步试验表明,在空间遥感中,这种频谱段图像是一种有用的数据源。     

利用SPACE LAB彩色红外影像及数据复合技术对藏北牧草资源进行计算机分类的研究

本文就在藏北草资源调查中,应用空间实验室量测摄影机(MC)摄得的彩色红外影像,及根据遥感影像目视判读所利用的信息空间特点和草场分类原理进行计算机自动分类的理论与方法,对利用辅助数据和影像数据复合技术的几种尝试进行了讨论,并依实地调查资料和专家判读结果对各种分类结果进行了评价。说明利用这种航天遥感资料,辅以Landsat影像生物量指标、DTM和坡度、坡向数据以及计算机自动分类技术,进行资源调查是可行的,可以达到最佳效果。