Analyzing the runoff response to soil and water conservation measures in a tropical humid Ethiopian highland

Abstract

Different soil and water conservation (SWC) practices have been implemented in many drought-prone parts of Ethiopia since the 1980s. We assessed the effect of SWC practices on runoff response and experimentally derived and tested the validity of the runoff curve number (CN) model parameter for the tropical humid highland climate of the Kasiry watershed in northwestern Ethiopia. We recorded daily rainfall and runoff depth from 18 runoff plots (30 m long × 6 m wide) representing the five main land-use types with various SWC practices and two slope classes (gentle and steep). CN values were derived using the lognormal geometric mean CN procedure. Runoff was significantly less from plots with SWC measures, with average reductions of 44 and 65% observed in cultivated and non-agricultural lands, respectively. Runoff on plots representing non-agricultural land was relatively accurately predicted with the derived CN method, but predictions were less accurate for plots treated with a SWC practice. We conclude that predicting the effect of SWC practices on runoff requires parameterization with separate sets of CN value for each SWC practice.     

生态补偿：概念框架与应用研究

通过对生态补偿内涵的深入分析,首先把生态补偿的概念区分为人际补偿和人地补偿2个相互联系的方面,并指出其研究意义;其次,利用1986-2005年福建经济与环境统计数据,通过EKC曲线模型分析福建省环境质量的变化趋势,得出现阶段福建省总体环境状况仍处在污染继续加重的结论,并对其原因做了简要分析;最后,基于实证研究所得结论,运用人际补偿和人地补偿的概念框架,参照国际上发达国家的经验,对福建省环保投入的合理数额、生态补偿机制的规范和创新等问题进行了探讨。提出人地补偿必须注重时空合理配置和其效率有赖于入际补偿机制创新等观点。     

Israel's petroleum discovery curve

Oil exploration in Israel began in 1953. Until 1991 a total of 263 exploration wells and 122 development wells were drilled, 3 oil fields and 5 gas fields were discovered, and 4 noncommercial oil discoveries and 1 noncommercial gas discovery were made. Proven in-place reserves amount to 70 million barrels of oil equivalent (MMBOE). Exploration focused on six main plays: Syrian Arc anticlines; Mesozoic platform-edge, structural-stratigraphic traps; the Dead Sea graben; Early Mesozoic structures; Saqiye Group biogenic gas; and Hula Group biogenic gas. The more significant discoveries are associated with the first two plays. Ninety percent of the proven reserves were discovered by the first 71 wildcats, which constitute 27 percent of all wildcats drilled to date. During this phase of exploration, the average success was 7 percent, and the average discovery rate was 0.88 MMBOE per wildcat. Most of the following 192 wildcats were dry holes. If, as experts claim, significant reserves are still undiscovered, previous exploration must be deemed inefficient. The quantitative model of the discovery process also leads to such an assessment.     

铁路既有线复测平面曲线分区新方法

在对既有铁路复测数据进行分区、拟合和优化处理过程中,线路曲线的准确分区是其他工作的基础.考虑到现有的基于正矢分区方法精度不高,基于超高分区方法精度较高,但由于不容易准确获取超高和对应里程,导致其使用的局限性.为了实现轨道平面曲线的准确分区,提出一种基于平面曲线定长弦斜率变化和平面曲线线形特征的分区新方法.实例计算表明,方法分区精度高、效率高,能广泛应用于既有铁路复测平面曲线分区处理.     

抗功耗分析攻击的椭圆曲线梳状优化算法

功耗分析攻击技术的出现对密码芯片的安全性构成了严重威胁。奇系数梳状算法是一种椭圆曲线标量乘法的快速算法,但它不能抵抗差分功耗分析攻击、零值点功耗分析攻击和零值寄存器功耗分析攻击。为了抵抗功耗分析攻击,提出了改进的奇系数梳状算法。改进后的算法在存储空间不变,主循环计算量增加较少的情况下,能够抵抗简单功耗分析攻击、差分功耗分析攻击、零值点功耗分析攻击和零值寄存器功耗分析攻击,并且算法的性能优于随机化初始点变量乘算法的性能。     

基于改进RRT*算法的城市低空路径规划方法研究

随着无人机监测、巡查和测绘等低空技术得到广泛应用,低空长距离空中路径规划成为低空航空器应用面临的一个挑战。而传统快速扩展随机树（Rapidly-Exploring Random Trees/RRT）及其改进算法在大范围长距离低空三维空间下面临计算效率慢的问题,对此,本文提出一种带有R树空间索引的双向启发式RRT*算法,该算法在双向RRT*算法基础上为随机采样过程设置了启发函数,使得在面对狭小城市障碍物之间空隙时,能够避免局部最小值情况的出现。在此基础上为城市障碍物建立R树空间索引,减少了海量障碍物情况下碰撞检测的时间,提高了低空长距离空中路径规划效率。此外,为了得到更加符合无人机运动规律的路径,提高算法的实用性,在采样过程中设置转弯阈值控制转弯角度,并且对规划结果路径使用3次B-spline函数进行路径平滑。最后在武汉市三维城市场景中,利用武汉市建筑物数据进行了实验,实验证明相比已有算法,本文提出的带有R树空间索引的双向启发式RRT*算法相比较RRT算法和双向RRT*算法在500 m、 2000 m、 10 000 m不同距离下规划时间均降低了90%以上;采样次数相比RRT算法在不同距离下分别降低了51.6%、75%、86.7%,相比双向RRT*算法在不同距离下分别降低了20%、24.7%、57.3%;转弯次数相比RRT算法在不同距离下分别降低了77.3%、73.5%、78.3%,相比双向RRT*算法在不同距离下分别降低了37.5%、30.8%、16.8%;同时带有R树空间索引的双向启发式RRT*算法得到的结果路径长度相比其他2种算法也有缩短。该算法应用于低空长距离空中路径规划能够有效提高计算效率,降低规划时间,减少采样次数,缩短结果路径,减少转弯次数,丰富无人机的应用场景。     

冻土路基微动探测方法应用探讨

以哈尔滨某高铁路基勘探为例,采用空间自相关方法提取微动信号频散特征,获取地下150 m介质的横波速度结构及分层特征.结果表明,微动方法可穿透冻土区较厚的覆盖层探测基岩面,且分层界面与钻孔资料一致.该方法施工便利、适用性强,结合钻探资料可精确刻画地下地质层位分布,减少钻探工作量,节约经济成本,具有较高的应用价值和科学意义...     

南海北部冬、夏季海表浮游植物光合作用速率对光强的响应特征

本文通过南海北部冬、夏季航次的现场观测,研究了海表浮游植物光合作用速率对光强的响应特征(P-E曲线)。结果表明南海北部浮游植物P-E曲线存在明显的季节变化。在冬季,P-E曲线呈现高P_mB、高α、高β的特征,这表明冬季浮游植物在低光照环境中光合作用速率增加迅速,其最大光合作用速率较高但容易受到光抑制。与冬季相反,夏季P-E曲线呈现低P_mB、低α、低β的特征,浮游植物受光抑制影响小,但最大光合作用速率低于冬季。水温和粒级结构等指标与P-E参数存在显著相关,这意味着环境和群落的季节变化可能对光合作用特性有一定影响。通过P-E参数模拟得到真光层内光合作用速率,模拟值与现场结果之间呈明显的线性相关但存在高估。此研究有助于认识南海浮游植物光合作用特征,并为初级生产力模型研究提供依据。     

线路坐标计算的通用模型

介绍了一种适合电算的线路坐标计算通用模型。首先,引入了曲线元的概念,使线路的平面线形三要素(直线、圆曲线、缓和曲线)得到了统一。然后,以曲线元作为组成线路的最小单元,推导了线路坐标计算的通用数学模型。该模型形式简单,易于编程实现。不但能解算S型、卵型、复合型、C型等复杂组合线形的任意指定点的坐标,而且能将线路中桩、边桩以及与线路非正交交叉的特殊点位(如桥墩、电线杆等)的坐标解算统一了起来。     

The political economy of technology support: Making decisions about carbon capture and storage and low carbon energy technologies

This article reviews the political economy of government choice around technology support for the development and deployment of low carbon emission energy technologies, such as Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). It is concerned with how governments should allocate limited economic resources across abatement alternatives. In particular, it explores two inter-related questions. First, should government support focus on a narrow range of options or be distributed across many potential alternatives? Second, what criteria should be considered when determining which specific technologies to support? It presents a simple economic model with experience curves for CCS and renewable energy technologies to explore the lowest cost alternatives for meeting an emission abatement objective. It then explores a variety of economic and political factors that must be considered when governments make decisions about technology support.