煤矿隐蔽特大突水通道快速封堵技术研究

2011年8月6日14时,临近黄河的韩城禹昌煤矿在11^#煤层回采过程中发生底板奥灰水突水,突水通过相邻煤矿采空区,并与8月7日零时5分许冲跨桑树坪煤矿北二车场绕道封闭墙进入斜井280m大巷,很快淹没整个大巷系统造成斜井整体淹井事故。在进行了井上、下水文地质调查、物探、钻探探查和示踪剂测试、水质化验与综合分析研究的基础上,初步确定了突水点与过水通道的区域,结合矿井11#煤层顶、底板、奥灰岩峰峰二段水文地质条件特征,采取了骨料灌注沉积法和松散体注浆加固法,成功隔离了两个矿井之间的水力联系。经过单位吸水率、追排水量、水位变化、残余出水量检验,达到了预期目的,实现了隐蔽突水点及过水通道快速封堵,为矿井全面恢复生产提供了重要保障。     

Seasonal soil aggregate stability variation in relation to rainfall and temperature under Mediterranean conditions

Aggregate stability, one of the main factors controlling soil erodibility, varies over time. Knowledge of its variation would help to identify better soil management practices. In 10 soils from central Greece devoted to cereal cropping, seasonal wet aggregate stability (WAS) fluctuations were investigated over a period of two successive years. The wet‐sieving technique of air‐dried aggregates was used for WAS determinations, according to a test resulting in an instability index calculation. Over the first year, when typical Mediterranean climatic conditions dominated, WAS varied according to a nearly cyclic pattern, from a low in winter or early‐spring months to a high in summer months. The instability index varied from a high between 123–152% of annual average to a low between 58–83% of annual average. Total monthly rainfall (TR) and mean monthly air temperature (MAT) strongly correlated with seasonal WAS. Their ratio (TR/MAT, ombrothermic ratio) has been proved to be a good predictor of structural stability throughout the year, for most of the soils studied. Possible mechanisms deteriorating aggregation seemed to be raindrop impact, repeated soil drying and wetting and repeated soil freezing and thawing, while possible mechanisms promoting aggregation seemed to be soil drying and warming and biological activity. Over the second year, severe climatic inconsistencies complicated the seasonal pattern of WAS response. From January to March, WAS unexpectedly increased, obtaining its maximum value for most of the soils in March, then it varied inconsistently until October and thereafter decreased, obtaining its minimum value in December for all soils. The instability index varied from a high between 130–196% of annual average to a low between 61–83% of annual average. Uneven seasonal distribution of climatic characteristics and extreme events decisively modified the typical for Mediterranean conditions seasonal WAS variation pattern. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Parameter estimation and uncertainty analysis of SWAT model in upper reaches of the Heihe river basin

Heihe river basin, the second largest inland river basin in China, has attracted more attention in China due to the ever increasing water resources and eco‐environmental problems. In this article, SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool; http://www.brc.tamus.edu/swat/ ) model was applied to upper reaches of the basin for better understanding of the hydrological process over the watershed. Parameter uncertainty and its contribution on model simulation are the main foci. In model calibration, the aggregate parameters instead of the original parameters in SWAT model were used to reduce the computing effort. The Bayesian approach was employed for parameter estimation and uncertainty analysis because its posterior distribution provides not only parameter estimation but also uncertainty analysis without normality assumption. The results indicated that: (1) SWAT model performs satisfactorily in this watershed as a whole, although some low and high flows were under‐ or overestimated, particularly in dry (e.g. 1991) and wet (e.g. 1996) years; (2) all calibrated parameters were not normally distributed (essentially positively or negatively skewed) and the parameter uncertainties were relatively small; and (3) the contributions of parameter uncertainty on model simulation uncertainty were relatively small. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高强高性能混凝土损伤的细观数值演化

在细观层次上,混凝土可以被看作由水泥基、分散粒子和界面过渡层组成的三相复合材料。首先,基于骨料分布和形态的随机特性,将瓦拉文公式推广应用于确定二维混凝土试件截面凸多边形骨料分布,提出圆形骨料模型中以圆骨料的面积为控制参数,以圆内接多边形为基架的凸多边形随机骨料算法。进而以C80高强高性能混凝土为例,对数值试样进行单轴受压的数值模拟,得到相应的应力-应变曲线和损伤演化图。数值模拟结果与物理试验结果对比表明本文提出的数值模型合理可行。     

Detoxification of hazardous dust with marine sediment

Hazardous electric arc furnace dust containing dioxins/furans and heavy metals is blended with harbor sediment, fired at 950–1100 °C to prepare lightweight aggregates. Dust addition can lower the sintering temperature by about 100 °C, as compared to a typical industrial process. After firing at 950 °C and 1050 °C, more than 99.85% of dioxins/furans originally present in the dust have been removed and/or destructed in the mix containing a dust/sediment ratio of 50:100. The heavy metals leached from all fired mixes are far below Taiwan EPA legal limits. The particle density of the lightweight aggregates always decreases with increasing firing temperature. Greater addition of the dust results in a considerably lower particle density (mostly <2.0 g cm⁻³) fired at 1050 °C and 1100 °C. However, firing at temperatures lower than 1050 °C produces no successful bloating, leading to a denser particle density (>2.0 g cm⁻³) that is typical of bricks.     

石灰岩发育土壤团聚体形成机制研究

土壤团聚体是土壤最基本的结构单元。为了解岩溶地区石灰岩发育土壤团聚体的形成机制,选择贵阳市花溪区花溪水库石灰岩所发育的土壤为材料,采用干、湿筛法,分析团聚体颗粒的分级情况,并比较拆分有机质与钙镁铁铝离子间连接后四种离子含量的变化以及团聚体各粒级含量的变化。结果显示:团聚体是由细小颗粒在胶结物质有机质与钙镁铁铝离子结合下形成微团聚体,进一步形成更大粒级的团聚体,最后在分子力的作用下粘结土粒或者其他团聚体形成完整的团聚体结构;有机质与钙离子的结合是团聚体形成的主要胶结物质,其次为有机质与镁铁离子的结合,有机制与铝离子的结合作用不大,这与石灰岩矿物主要是碳酸钙有关;研究区发育土壤大粒级水稳性团聚体含量相对较高,土壤抗蚀性好,抵抗侵蚀能力强。      

Multi-scale study of permeability evolution of a bentonite clay owing to pollutant transport: Part II. Application to an MG-bentonite

This paper is concerned with the application of a multi-scale model of permeability evolution to the simulation of permeation tests of lead nitrate solutions in a compacted natural bentonite. In a previous work, the weathered hydraulic conductivity has been measured for different pollutant concentrations. Textural and structural evolutions induced by heavy metal sorption have also been investigated, therefore giving us information about the various pore spaces that may be encountered during the process of pollutant leaching. Such knowledge has been exploited during the construction of the numerical microstructures. First of all, pure water permeability tests have been simulated, this has allowed us to ascertain the representation of compacted clay before pollutant permeation. For both Prrenjas and Wyoming clays, permeation tests after pollutant permeation have then been simulated, using connected and non-connected macro-voids configurations. Different conclusions have been drawn based on simulation results for the two different clays investigated, which are supported by experimental evidence.     

Behavior of single rammed aggregate piers considering installation effects

A three-dimensional numerical method was used to simulate cavity expansion during installation and an in situ load test conducted on a single rammed aggregate pier (RAP). Verification of the numerical model was carried out by comparing the computed settlements at top and tip of the pier with the measured values. An un-rammed aggregate pier (UAP) of the same diameter and length was also simulated using the numerical method to demonstrate the effect of installation. Interpretations of the numerical results were focused on the load–settlement behavior, the bulging of the pier, the axial load distributions along the pier, and the stress paths of the soil around the pier. A parametric study was conducted to investigate the influence of the pier length/diameter ratio and the soil properties on the behavior of rammed and un-rammed aggregate piers.     

高吸力下黏性土的抗剪强度和体变特性

非饱和土中土-水之间的相互作用可区分为毛细作用和吸附作用,已有的非饱和土力学特性的研究大都局限于较低吸力、毛细作用占优范围。实践中由于环境的变化,地表土体常经历干湿循环及处在低含水率、高吸力状态,此时吸附作用占优。针对高岭土-河砂配制的非膨胀性黏性土,采用饱和盐溶液蒸汽平衡法,从脱湿和吸湿两种吸力路径下对土体施加高吸力。测试了高吸力下土体的强度和变形特性,试验中选用了0（接近无侧限）、25、50、100 kPa共4组小围压。试验结果表明,高吸力下土体表现为应变软化型破坏和剪胀性。随着围压的施加,土体从沿纵向开裂的张裂破坏过渡为剪切破坏。验证了修正后的Bishop非饱和土强度公式不适用于描述高吸力时峰值抗剪强度的变化,得到了高吸力下峰值抗剪强度可用相对于净应力的临界状态强度和剪胀作用来表示。分析发现,高吸力时土体的抗剪强度和比表面积直接相关,吸力对土体抗剪强度的作用取决于土体集聚体组构的形成和发展程度及其导致的剪胀作用。     

影响松潘地区深反射地震数据品质的几种因素

深反射地震剖面技术是揭示岩石圈精细结构的有效手段,获得高质量的原始资料是揭示岩石圈精细结构探讨地球动力学过程的前提和基础.松潘地块地表条件和地下地质构造复杂,资料信噪比低.本文针对松潘地区地表地质条件、激发接收条件及环境等因素,通过实例数据对比分析影响该工区原始单炮记录品质的主要原因,为反射地震勘探数据采集工作提供几点参考和建议.