Autocorrelation function bias owed to a limited number of de-trended observations. Applications to autoregressive models with noise

Analytical expressions were derived for the expectation of the autocorrelation function (ACF) corresponding to lowfrequency least squares fits and deviations from them in the case of a limited number of observations N. A vector of values of the autocovariation function may be obtained by multiplication of a N . N matrix Z (dependent on concrete basic functions used for trend determination) by a vector of the unbiased ACF. Because much computational time is needed to obtain such a matrix, its components are to be computed once for concrete N and basic functions, and then stored as a file. An algorithm is proposed for determining the contribution of the correlated signal to the ‘signal+noise’. The expressions are written for general form of the ACF, and illustrated by the application to autoregressive models. The statistical properties of the model parameters are studied. The method is applied to cataclysmic binaries AM Her and TT Ari. The precise expressions allow us to obtain reliable results and to avoid misinterpretation being possible when using the approximate methods.     

风云三号气象卫星星地数据传输X频段链路干扰协调门限研究

风云三号系列气象卫星使用8025～8400 MHz频段将卫星探测数据传输给地面,该频段还有其它系统在使用,极易干扰风云三号气象卫星星地通讯,影响数据传输。目前,在该频段开展的兼容性分析研究工作中,所采取的系统关键特性参数和干扰保护限值大多数是直接引用国际电联相关建议书,没有对被干扰系统做干扰门限的精细计算,导致协调评估结果不准确,这也给该段频谱的协调使用和精细化管理等工作留下了很多潜在隐患。研究了卫星系统集总和单入干扰门限的计算方法,并根据风云三号卫星数据传输链路实际特性参数,分别得出其长期和短期集总干扰门限,并进一步研究得到来自空间长期和短期单入干扰协调门限,以及来自地面的长期和短期单入干扰协调门限,这些门限直接应用于风云三号气象卫星的频谱兼容性研究和频率协调,提高协调效率和协调精度。     

Does a representative volume element exist for fatigue life prediction? The case of aggregate composites

In a previous work, discrete modeling and a statistical approach were used to quantify the minimal representative volume element (RVE) size for aggregate composites, such as bituminous materials in the linear elastic regime (Comput. Mater. Sci. 2005; 33 :467–490). In this paper, the discrete model is extended to strain‐softening behavior under cyclic loading. The existence of a RVE for fatigue life prediction is numerically proved and its minimal size is determined. It is found that it is much larger than the minimal RVE size in the elastic regime. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

煤层孤岛工作面冲击矿压的防治实践

木城涧矿450水平西四采区三槽东一壁工作面发生的几起冲击矿压事故,与其工作面开采深度、所处地质构造部位、呈孤岛开采状态有关.工作面煤样和顶板冲击倾向性测试结果表明,该煤层属于高冲击倾向性煤层,具有发生冲击矿压的能力.根据产生冲击矿压的原因和特点,采用电磁幅射进行冲击矿压预测预报、爆破卸压进行治理的措施,通过了冲击矿压危险区.     

山地三维地震勘探技术

山区地形变化大,基岩裸露,山谷内多冲积物,地震施工困难,各种波干扰严重,记录质量较差。根据山区三维地震勘探的技术特点,有针对性地对三维地震的激发条件、接收条件、地震资料处理等常规问题进行了分析,并提出了相应技术方案及施工措施。以山西省某山区三维勘探为例,介绍了山区三维地震勘探施工方法及处理效果,为进一步开展山地三维地震勘探积累了经验。     

Investigations of subsurface flow constructed wetlands and associated geomaterial resources in the Akumal and Reforma regions,Quintana Roo,Mexico

Subsurface flow constructed wetlands in the village of Akumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico were surveyed to determine the general status of the wetland systems and provide baseline information for long term monitoring and further study. Twenty subsurface flow wetlands were surveyed and common problems observed in the systems were overloading, poor plant cover, odor, and no secondary containment. Bulk mineral composition of aggregate from two subsurface flow constructed wetlands was determined to consist solely of calcite using bulk powder X-ray diffraction. Some soil structure is developed in the aggregate and aggregate levels in wetlands drop at an estimated rate between 3 and 10 cm/year for overloaded wetlands owing to dissolution. Mineral composition from fresh aggregate samples commonly is a mixture of calcite and aragonite. Trace amounts of Pb, Zn, Co, and Cr were observed in fresh aggregate. Coefficients of permeability (k) varied from 0.006 to 0.027 cm/s with an average values being 0.016 cm/s. Grain size analysis of fresh aggregate samples indicates there are unimodal and multimodal size distributions in the samples with modes in the coarse and fine sand being common. Investigations of other geologic media from the Reforma region indicate that a dolomite with minor amounts of Fe-oxide and palygorskite is abundant and may be a better aggregate source that the current materials used. A Ca-montmorillonite bed was identified in the Reforma region as well and this unit is suitable to serve as a clay liner to prevent leaks for new and existing wetland systems. These newly discovered geologic resources should aid in the improvement of subsurface flow constructed wetlands in the region. Although problems do exist in these wetlands with respect to design, these systems represent a successful implementation of constructed wetlands at a community level in developing regions.     

Environmentalism and Natural Aggregate Mining

Sustaining a developed economy and expanding a developing one require the use of large volumes of natural aggregate. Almost all human activity (commercial, recreational, or leisure) is transacted in or on facilities constructed from natural aggregate. In our urban and suburban worlds, we are almost totally dependent on supplies of water collected behind dams and transported through aqueducts made from concrete. Natural aggregate is essential to the facilities that produce energy—hydroelectric dams and coal-fired powerplants. Ironically, the utility created for mankind by the use of natural aggregate is rarely compared favorably with the environmental impacts of mining it. Instead, the empty quarries and pits are seen as large negative environmental consequences. At the root of this disassociation is the philosophy of environmentalism, which flavors our perceptions of the excavation, processing, and distribution of natural aggregate. The two end-member ideas in this philosophy are ecocentrism and anthropocentrism. Ecocentrism takes the position that the natural world is a organism whose arteries are the rivers—their flow must not be altered. The soil is another vital organ and must not be covered with concrete and asphalt. The motto of the ecocentrist is man must live more lightly on the land. The anthropocentrist wants clean water and air and an uncluttered landscape for human use. Mining is allowed and even encouraged, but dust and noise from quarry and pit operations must be minimized. The large volume of truck traffic is viewed as a real menace to human life and should be regulated and isolated. The environmental problems that the producers of natural aggregate (crushed stone and sand and gravel) face today are mostly difficult social and political concerns associated with the large holes dug in the ground and the large volume of heavy truck traffic associated with quarry and pit operations. These concerns have increased in recent years as society's demand for living space has encroached on the sites of production; in other words, the act of production has engendered condemnation. Many other environmental problems that are associated with dust and noise and blasting from quarry and pit operations have been reduced through the efficient use of technology. Recycling concrete in buildings, bridges, and roads and asphaltic pavements will ultimately reduce the demand for virgin natural aggregate. The impact created by the large holes in the ground required for the mining of natural aggregate can be greatly reduced by planning their reclamation before mining begins.     

土石混合料强度特性的试验研究

开挖山体得到的土石混合料因强度高、施工方便而被广泛用作路基或基础的填料,但由于受地质条件、含石量、粒度分布范围及颗粒粒径等因素的影响,土石混合料的力学性质表现出明显的非线性,强度指标无法通过常规的试验设备检测,导致应用土石混合料填筑的路基或基础经常出现较大的差异沉降或滑塌,严重影响上部结构的使用。为了研究土石混合料的强度特性及其随各影响因素的变化规律,对室内大型直剪试验进行了改进,研制了新型的大型直剪试验系统,对不同类别土石混合料在不同影响因素下进行了击实试验和大型直剪试验。研究发现,在高应力条件下,土石混合料的剪切破坏不再完全符合库仑定律,抗剪强度应进行一定的折减;试验结果揭示了土石混合料的强度指标随各主要影响因素的变化趋势,初步建立了土石混合料指标随各影响因素的变化规律。结果还表明,母岩性质及含石量对混合料的强度指标影响较大,硬岩类混合料的内摩擦角普遍比软岩类高,混合料的强度随含石量变化规律为,当含石量小于30 %时,含石量的变化对强度影响较小,随含石量的增加,混合料的强度也呈抛物线形增长,一般至含石量为70 %左右达到峰值。     

圆钢管轻集料混凝土梁与混凝土桥墩连接节点试验研究

为了解决圆钢管轻集料混凝土梁与混凝土桥墩的整体连接问题,共设计了穿心钢筋、穿心钢筋加弯矩传递板和穿心工字钢3种节点连接形式,采用拟静力试验研究了刚节点在低周反复荷载作用下的抗震耗能性能。试验结果表明,3种节点都具有良好的抗震耗能性能,等效粘滞阻尼系数都超过了钢筋混凝土结构要求的0.1,延性系数都大于规范规定的2;在节点屈服以后,3种节点仍然具有一定的承载力,其中穿心钢筋和穿心工字钢节点的延性系数和等效粘滞阻尼系数基本相同,穿心钢筋加弯矩传递板较其他2种刚节点稍差。     

折射延迟时与时深曲线反演模型法静校正技术

地震波在沙丘中的传播速度与沙丘厚度密切相关.利用延迟时反演高速顶界时,采用常速或插值方法求取表层速度,不能正确反应这种变化关系,使反演模型底界存在误差,影响静校正精度.利用微测井成果数据拟和得到时深曲线,再利用延迟时从时深曲线求取表层速度和厚度可有效解决此问题.方法为:解释和分析地震微测井数据→应用地震微测井或有代表性表层结构线段拟合时深曲线→利用野外单炮初至时间获取表层延迟时→应用延迟时与时深曲线反演近地表结构模型→静校正量计算.应用结果表明,该方法快速有效,在M10JQ3D中获得较好效果.