Mussel Periostracum from Deep-Sea Redox Communities as a Microbial Habitat: 2. The Pit Borers

Abstract. Mussel periostracum from the Florida Escarpment redox community (3266 m depth) is extensively bored by a variety of microorganisms. Four different types of pit borings were observed and characterized on the basis of SEM images of their resin casts, and/or light and TEM reconstructions: two large, open-pit borers, a "button" borer, and a cone borer. These boring patterns represent distinctive feeding "strategies". The cumulative activities of periostracum borers remove the protective organic layer from the mussel shells, exposing the mineral to cndolith attack.     

A study of transient responses of a submerged spherical shell under shock waves

Based on a procedure which couples the finite element method with the doubly asymptotic approximation, this work addresses the problem of the transient responses of a submerged spherical shell subjected to strong, plane, incident shock waves, in which elastoplastic material behavior is considered. Simulation results indicate that the procedure adopted shows good agreement with related literature, which considered linear elastic behavior of the shell. Also presented herein are the time histories of surface pressure, radial velocity and von Mises stress of the shell. Moreover, deformation diagrams and spreading of the plastic zone of the shell are described as well.     

山东蓬莱沿海的贝类

本文报导了蓬莱沿海的贝类１１１种,隶属４９科８６属 ,并对它们的生态类型,区和纱分布特点作了初步分析。     

皱纹盘鲍贝壳沉积过程的研究

利用“平珠”生成法,通过对插入皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannaiIno)外套膜外腔中的玻片上沉积物质的分析,探讨皱纹盘鲍贝壳沉积的过程。利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察玻片上沉积物质的超微结构,傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)分析玻片上沉积晶体的晶相,透射电镜(TEM)观察与玻片接触部分的外套膜的超微结构。结果发现:在将玻片插入外套膜外腔后的4~88h内,有机质首先在玻片上规则沉积。插入玻片88h后方解石晶体开始沉积,104h后出现圆形方解石晶体单位。8d后在方解石晶体表面出现文石晶体突起,15d后出现明显的堆垛型文石片层。27d后突然转变为方解石晶体的沉积。由此可见皱纹盘鲍贝壳的沉积具有一定的周期性,即方解石→文石→方解石的转变为1个周期。透射电镜观察外套膜结构表明在不同的插片时间,外套膜的超微结构不一样。插入玻片24h后,高柱状细胞中的内质网上的核糖体消失,高尔基体数量减少。3d后,大颗粒细胞增多,细胞内充满分泌颗粒。7d后,外套膜上皮细胞新分泌的有机质染色较浅。本研究证明了“平珠”生成法能够模拟贝壳的自然沉积,外套膜细胞超微结构的变化与贝壳沉积过程所处不同阶段有关。     

不同世代大石花菜切段育苗的生态试验

以大石花菜Gelidium pacificum Okam.的雌配子体、雄配子体和孢子体的切段为材料,进行切段的再生、附着与直立苗培育的辐照度-温度双因子试验及pH和盐度的试验。观测切段培育的死亡率、再生率、附着率、切段平均再生芽数和再生芽长度的变化,还观察了切段培育出直立苗及其生长的情况。结果表明:雌、雄配子体和孢子体在不同辐照度-温度组合以及不同盐度、pH条件下,切段的培育情况没有显著差异。说明三者的生态适应性基本一致。适宜的培育条件是温度17.5～22.5℃,辐照度20～60μEm~(-2)·S~(-1),盐度15～35,pH8.0～8.5。     

轻质硬壳海堤断面设计初探

从海堤本身角度看，坝体过重与填料松散是影响其稳定性的主要因素，因此轻质硬壳堤坝是一种很好的选择。该结构采用高强度材料作为外壳，以松散材料填充坝体。根据受力特性、构造要求、施工条件及抗滑稳定条件拟解决结构断面设计的一些基本问题，并结合实例通过对比计算分析，说明轻质硬壳海堤比传统海堤具有更高的整体稳定性。     

Parametric Analysis of A Submerged Cylindrical Shell Subjected to Shock Waves

In this study,an FEM-SBFEM(scaled boundary finite element method)coupling procedure proposed by Fan et al.(2005)is adopted to obtain the dynamic responses of a submerged cylindrical shell subjected to plane step or exponential acoustic shock waves.The coupling procedure can readily be applied to three-dimensional problem,however for clarity,the problems to be presented are limited to two-dimensional domain.In the analyses,the cylindrical shell is modeled by simple beam elements(using FEM),while the effects of the surrounding infinite fluid is modeled by the SBFEM.In it,no free surface and seabed are involved.Compared with Fan and his co-authors' works,the FEM-SBFEM coupling procedure is further verified to be feasible for shock waves by benchmark examples.Furthermore,parametric studies are performed and presented to gain insight into effects of the geometric and material properties of the cylindrical shell on its dynamic responses.     

Transient dynamic response of submerged sphere shell with an opening subjected to underwater explosion

This investigation applies the time domain FEM/DAA coupling procedure to predict the transient dynamic response of submerged sphere shell with an opening subjected to underwater explosions. The elastic–plastic material behavior of the transient fluid–structure interaction relate to structural response equation also presented herein. This analysis also examines the transient responses of structures to different charge distances. The effects of standoff distance on pressure time history of the shell to underwater explosion (3001b TNT) are presented. Additionally, the transient dynamic responses to underwater explosion shockwaves in the sea and the air are compared.     

Transitions to chaotic thermal convection in a rapidly rotating spherical fluid shell

Abstract

Numerical simulations of thermal convection in a rapidly rotating spherical fluid shell heated from below and within have been carried out with a nonlinear, three-dimensional, time-dependent pseudospectral code. The investigated phenomena include the sequence of transitions to chaos and the differential mean zonal rotation. At the fixed Taylor number T _a =10⁶ and Prandtl number Pr=1 and with increasing Rayleigh number R, convection undergoes a series of bifurcations from onset of steadily propagating motions SP at R=R _c = 13050, to a periodic state P, and thence to a quasi-periodic state QP and a non-periodic or chaotic state NP. Examples of SP, P, QP, and NP solutions are obtained at R = 1.3R _c , R = 1.7 R _c , R = 2R _c , and R = 5 R _c , respectively. In the SP state, convection rolls propagate at a constant longitudinal phase velocity that is slower than that obtained from the linear calculation at the onset of instability. The P state, characterized by a single frequency and its harmonics, has a two-layer cellular structure in radius. Convection rolls near the upper and lower surfaces of the spherical shell both propagate in a prograde sense with respect to the rotation of the reference frame. The outer convection rolls propagate faster than those near the inner shell. The physical mechanism responsible for the time-periodic oscillations is the differential shear of the convection cells due to the mean zonal flow. Meridional transport of zonal momentum by the convection cells in turn supports the mean zonal differential rotation. In the QP state, the longitudinal wave number m of the convection pattern oscillates among m = 3,4,5, and 6; the convection pattern near the outer shell has larger m than that near the inner shell. Radial motions are very weak in the polar regions. The convection pattern also shifts in m for the NP state at R = 5R _c , whose power spectrum is characterized by broadened peaks and broadband background noise. The convection pattern near the outer shell propagates prograde, while the pattern near the inner shell propagates retrograde with respect to the basic rotation. Convection cells exist in polar regions. There is a large variation in the vigor of individual convection cells. An example of a more vigorously convecting chaotic state is obtained at R = 50R _c . At this Rayleigh number some of the convection rolls have axes perpendicular to the axis of the basic rotation, indicating a partial relaxation of the rotational constraint. There are strong convective motions in the polar regions. The longitudinally averaged mean zonal flow has an equatorial superrotation and a high latitude subrotation for all cases except R = 50R _c , at this highest Rayleigh number, the mean zonal flow pattern is completely reversed, opposite to the solar differential rotation pattern.