缓倾角塔柱状危岩压裂损伤-突变失稳预测

陡高边坡灰岩地区缓倾角塔柱状危岩常具有底部压裂诱发整体失稳破坏模式,其损伤-突变失稳机制属于山地灾害关键科学问题之一。以重庆南川区甑子岩W12#危岩崩塌为例,建立了荷载、水致弱化效应耦合下的损伤突变地质力学模型,获得了基于应变等价原理的损伤本构方程及总损伤度演化方程,并将水致弱化函数改进为软化系数的一元三次函数。将地质力学模型概化为等效弹簧模型,通过能量平衡原理建立损伤-折叠突变模型,获得了塔柱状危岩系统压裂失稳判据及临界突变位移特征值表达式。计算表明：W12#危岩压裂失稳时,该系统的控制变量为–0.003 251,小于0,表示该系统进入不稳定状态;计算理论突变位移起始值148.70 mm比实测位移第一拐点值154.34 mm偏小,相对误差约3.65%,偏于安全;理论损伤本构曲线、理论损伤演化曲线与现有文献数值模拟结果趋于一致,所构建的理论预测模型具有较好的适用性。其研究成果可用于预判塔柱状危岩压裂失稳损伤演化过程及突发失稳特征位移值,为灰岩区陡高边坡危岩崩塌监测预警和防灾减灾提供理论依据。     

描述饱和黏性土应变软化的弹塑性双面模型

常规三轴压缩试验中具有较强结构性的黏性土在围压较低时其应力−应变关系会呈现应变软化现象,一般还伴有塑性变形,通常土体内部结构损伤是应变软化产生的主要原因。考虑到采用经典塑性理论描述材料的应变软化不仅会违背 Drucker 的稳定性假设,而且也不能描述卸载塑性。因此,基于修正剑桥模型及 Li 和 Meissner 提出的塑性硬化准则,建立了一个描述饱和黏性土不排水应变软化的弹塑性双面模型。该模型以应力−应变曲线的峰值点分界,将应变硬化和应变软化分别作为独立的加载事件进行分析,同时引入新的结构性参数表征剪切过程中土体结构损伤导致的塑性刚度衰退。对不同固结状态饱和结构性黏土的三轴固结不排水压缩试验结果的模拟表明,所建模型能够较好地描述饱和黏性土的不排水应变软化特性。     

Paleostress Reconstruction of Micangshan Anticlinorium on the Southern Margin of the Qinling Orogenic Belts, China

Brittle structures in rock of different ages can be used to establish the tectonic evolution of an orogenic belt through paleostress calculations. Micangshan is located at the southern margin of the Qinling orogenic belt,between the SE-trending Longmenshan fold-and-thrust belt and the arcuate Dabashan thrust-and-fold belt. Structural observations revealed that the dominant structures are reverse and strike-slip faults and folds with E–W and NE–SE trends. To increase knowledge of the tectonic evolution of the Micangshan anticlinorium,faults,joints,veins,and folds were measured at more than eighty sites. On the basis of structural analysis,it emerged that the multiphase paleostress fields became established after the oblique collision between the North and South China plates. The earliest stress field with N–S compression was established during the Micangshan uplift associated with the E–W trending faults and folds. Subsequently,a N–S extension occurred when the Qinling orogenic belt collapsed. Then NW–SE compression developed,with NE trending faults and folds forming in relation to Longmenshan thrusting toward southwest on the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. With the development of the arcuate Dabashan orogenic belt,the compression stress orientation of the Micangshan anticlinorium altered from NE–SW to E–W.     

New interpretation of the Franciscan mélange at San Simeon coast,California: tectonic intrusion into an accretionary prism

Many concepts and interpretations on the formation of the Franciscan mélange have been proposed on the basis of exposures at San Simeon, California. In this paper, we show the distribution of chaotic rocks, their internal structures and textures, and the interrelationship between the chaotic rocks and the surrounding sandstones (turbidites). Mélange components, particularly blueschists, oceanic rocks, including greenstone, pillow lava, bedded chert, limestone, sandstone, and conglomerate, have all been brecciated by retrograde deformation. The Cambria Slab, long interpreted as a trench slope basin, is also strongly deformed by fluidization, brecciation, isoclinal folding, and thrusting, leading us to a new interpretation that turbiditic rocks (including the Cambria Slab) represent trench deposits rather than slope basin sediments. These rocks form an accretionary prism above mélanges that were diapirically emplaced into these rocks first along sinistral-thrust faults, and then along dextral-normal faults. Riedel shear systems are observed in several orders of scale in both stages. Although the exhumation of the blueschist blocks is still controversial, the common extensional fractures and brecciation in most of the blocks in the mélanges and further mixture of various lithologies into one block with mélange muddy matrix indicate that once deeply buried blocks were exhumed from considerable depths to the accretionary prism body, before being diapirically intruded with their host mélange along thrust and normal faults, during which retrograde deformation occurred together with retrograde metamorphism. Recent similar examples of high-pressure rock exhumation have been documented along the Sofugan Tectonic Line in the Izu forearc areas, in the Mineoka belt in the Boso Peninsula, and as part of accretionary prism development in the Nankai and Sagami troughs of Japan. These modern analogues provide actively forming examples of the lithological and deformational features that characterize the Franciscan mélange processes.     

Tectonic control of accommodation space and sediment supply within the Mata Amarilla Formation (lower Upper Cretaceous) Patagonia,Argentina

The Mata Amarilla Formation dates from the early Upper Cretaceous and was deposited during a transition in tectonic regime from the extensional Rocas Verdes Basin to the Austral Foreland Basin. Detailed sedimentological logs and architectural parameters were used to define 13 facies associations. The distribution of facies associations and associated variations in fluvial architecture have enabled large‐scale changes in accommodation space/sediment supply ratios (A/S ratio) to be defined for the three component sections of the Mata Amarilla Formation. The lower and upper sections are characterized by a high A/S ratio, whereas the middle section corresponds to a low A/S ratio. In the western part of the study area, small‐scale variations in the A/S ratio were recognized in the middle section. The strong west to east trend in evolution of the fluvial systems coincides with the direction of propagation of the Patagonian fold and thrust belt, which is located to the west of the study area. Intervals of high A/S ratio (i.e. lower and upper sections) are interpreted to have developed during periods of increased loading by the fold and thrust belt caused by tectonic uplift. In contrast, intervals of low A/S ratio (i.e. middle section) were developed during periods of tectonic quiescence. This article suggests that the large‐scale variations in A/S ratios are related to different rates of migration and growth of the Patagonian fold and thrust belt, whereas the small‐scale variation occurred in response to specific periods of thrusting and folding in the Patagonian fold and thrust belt (i.e. local loads). This field example of the effects of different scales of variation in A/S ratios across the Austral Foreland Basin could be used to recognize similar tectonically forced variations in stratigraphic architecture in other foreland basins throughout the world, as well as to understand the response of fluvial systems to such changes.     

Displacement transfer from fault-bend to fault-propagation fold geometry: An example from the Himalayan thrust front

The leading edge of the ENE-trending Himalayan thrust front in Pakistan exhibits along-strike changes in deformational style, ranging from fault-bend to fault-propagation folds. Although the structural geometry is very gently deformed throughout the Salt Range, it becomes progressively more complex to the east as the leading edge of the emergent Salt Range Thrust becomes blind. Surface geology, seismic reflection, petroleum well, and chronostratigraphic data are synthesized to produce a 3-D kinematic model that reconciles the contrasting structural geometries along this part of the Himalayan thrust front. We propose a model whereby displacement was transferred, across a newly-identified lateral ramp, from a fault-bend fold in the west to fault-propagation folds in the east and comparable shortening was synchronously accommodated by two fundamentally different mechanisms: translation vs. telescoping. However, substantially different shortening distribution patterns within these structurally contrasting segments require a tear fault, which later is reactivated as a thrust fault. The present geometry of this S-shaped displacement transfer zone is a combined result of the NW–SE compression of the lateral culmination wall and associated tear fault, and their subsequent modification due to mobilization of underlying ductile salt.     

地层剖面计算表的计算机自动处理

地层剖面计算表的计算机自动处理 ,涉及剖面是由老地层向新地层测制还是由新地层向老地层测制、褶皱的识别处理、存在回测时 (特别是在回测中又存在背向斜时 )的处理、测段厚度及分层厚度的计算等几个主要环节。文章引入剖面方向系数 η、测段方向系数κ、回测系数 ρ 3个新参数 ,建立了地层剖面计算表自动处理的数学模型 ,可以非常方便地将剖面图及其柱状图以矢量格式输出     

陕西蟒岭马河地区宽坪群多期褶皱变形

据面理置换、小褶皱叠加、线理构造,以及对大中型构造的分析,再结合原生沉积构造和构造几何学分析,确定马河地区宽坪群经历了至少三期叠加变形.第一期为区域性挤压的紧闭平卧褶皱,第二期为穹窿状或长垣状褶皱.第三期为南北向开阔宽缓褶皱。查清构造为正确建立层序提供了依据.     

潼峪金矿区成矿断裂构造特征

潼峪金矿区发育过冲剪滑型、平移剪张型和平移剪滑型三种不同性质、不同方向成矿断裂,分布在金罗斑背形的不同部位,其形成有先后差异,但变形环境大体相同,具脆-韧性变形特征。空间上一般不超越褶皱主体。三类断裂中,前两者具石英脉型金矿化,后者形成构造蚀变岩型及小规模石英脉型金矿化。矿化差异与断裂产出的褶皱部位及其相应的应力应变条件的不同有关。     

褶皱变形系数在煤与瓦斯突出预测中的应用

对以褶皱构造为主要构造型式的突出矿片来说，用褶皱变形系数这一定量指标，通过控制煤和瓦斯突出褶皱构造的研究，在一定程度上能提高突出预测的准确率。本文针对平顶山东矿区煤层褶皱变形的特点，分别用剖面变形系数法和平面变形系数法进行了突出危险性预测研究，取得了较可靠的预测结果。