NMR Measurements in Carbonate Rocks: Problems and an Approach to a Solution

Carbonate rocks are well known for their complex petrophysical behavior where, in contrast to siliciclastic rocks, different parameters, including porosity and permeability, usually are not directly related. This behavior is the result of thorough reorganization of porosity during diagenesis, and it turns prediction of reservoir quality of carbonate rocks into a challenge. The study presented here deals with the problem of utilizing NMR techniques in prediction of petrophysical properties in carbonates.We employ a visual porosity classification as a priori knowledge for better interpreting NMR data for prediction purposes. This allows for choice of suitable T₂ cutoff values to differentiate movable from bound fluids adapted for the specific carbonate rock, thus resulting in better interpretation of NMR data. The approach of using a genetic pore type classification for adapting the conventional method for T₂ cutoff determination, which originally was developed for siliciclastic rocks, is promising. Similarly, for permeability determination on the basis of NMR measurements, the classification of carbonate rocks based on porosity types also shows potential. The approach implemented here has the promise to provide a basis of standardized interpretation of NMR data from carbonate rocks.Acknowledgment We are grateful to Baker Hughes INTEQ, Celle, for permission to publish the results of this work. This study was part of I.S.s Masters Thesis at Hannover University that was carried out in collaboration with Baker Hughes INTEQ, Celle, Germany. We appreciate comments of an anonymous referee and PAGEOPH editor Brian J. Mitchell.     

长江三角洲某地区浅层地下水单环芳烃污染特征及其原因分析

本文针对长江三角洲某地区3个城市(C市、W市、S市)浅层地下水的单环芳烃进行了研究。根据研究区水样分析数据,总结出该地区单环芳烃的污染特点和分布特征,然后从研究区污染源分布、单环芳烃的挥发性、研究区降水以及包气带的防护性能等角度探讨了浅层地下水单环芳烃污染形成的原因。研究表明,该区浅层地下水单环芳烃污染呈点状分布,污染范围不大;浅层地下水单环芳烃污染相对较轻而地表水污染严重。浅层地下水单环芳烃污染特征与研究区工业企业分布、单环芳烃的挥发特性、降水以及研究区包气带防污性能密切相关。浅层地下水单环芳烃污染和工业企业分布具有很好的一致性,有机污染物高浓度的检出点均分布在污染工厂附近,无明显污染源的地段,其浅层地下水水样无有机污染物检出;各检测单环芳烃组分的亨利常数均大于1.01×102Pa·m3·mol-1,所以挥发作用是其主要迁移机理,苯的柱试验表明,苯溶液浓度从1079.0μg/L降低至6.9μg/L仅需26天;研究区包气带为河湖三角洲沉积相的淤泥质粘土,粘粒含量大,粘土矿物含量也很高,富含有机质,其含量大都在1.0%以上,此类土壤具有高的吸附能力,阻滞了污染物向浅层地下水迁移;降雨时浅层地下水中单环芳烃检出率和检出浓度都较高。4种因素综合,使得研究区浅层地下水单环芳烃呈现污染程度轻、分布零散、污染分布范围小的特点。     

新乡市浅层地下水水环境特征

为有效防治地下水污染,分析新乡浅表地层岩性、含水组空间分布及其水化学的类型分带和特征.在此基础上综合评价浅层地下水质量,发现新乡市浅层地下水质量污染普遍超标,建成区及周围地下水质量为Ⅴ类以上,其他地区达到Ⅳ类以上.     

太行山南端浅层速度结构成像和隐伏断裂探测

利用太行山南端的深地震反射剖面数据,运用初至波层析成像方法反演得到该区域的浅层P波速度结构和基底面展布形态,发现剖面浅部的P波速度变化与沉积盖层厚度和断裂分布有着较好的对应关系。利用跨断裂完成的浅层地震反射剖面,对区域内2条第四纪隐伏活动断裂进行高分辨率成像。结果表明,汤西断裂为东倾的正断层,控制汤阴地堑的西边界,活动年代为中更新世;汤东断裂为西倾的正断层,是汤阴地堑的主控边界断裂,活动年代为晚更新世。     

The role of moisture cycling in the weathering of a quartz chlorite schist in a tropical environment: findings of a laboratory simulation

Long‐term weathering of a quartz chlorite schist via wetting and drying was studied under a simulated tropical climate. Cubic rock samples (15 mm × 15 mm × 15 mm) were cut from larger rocks and subjected to time‐compressed climatic conditions simulating the tropical wet season climate at the Ranger Uranium Mine in the Northern Territory, Australia. Fragmentation, moisture content and moisture uptake rate were monitored over 5000 cycles of wetting and drying. To determine the impact of climatic variables, five climatic regimes were simulated, varying water application, temperature and drying. One of the climatic regimes reproduced observed temperature and moisture variability at the Ranger Uranium Mine, but over a compressed time scale. It is shown that wetting and drying is capable of weathering quartz chlorite schist with changes expected over a real time period of decades. While wetting and drying alone does produce changes to rock morphology, the incorporation of temperature variation further enhances weathering rates. Although little fragmentation occurred in experiments, significant changes to internal pore structure were observed, which could potentially enhance other weathering mechanisms. Moisture variability is shown to lead to higher weathering rates than are observed when samples are subjected only to leaching. Finally, experiments were conducted on two rock samples from the same source having only subtle differences in mineralogy. The samples exhibited quite different weathering rates leading to the conclusion that our knowledge of the role of rock type and composition in weathering is insufficient for the accurate determination of weathering rates. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

自然电场法与高密度电法联作在西江中下游岩溶区找水中的应用

基于溶洼区浅层岩溶地下水的渗流特性,研究富水岩溶地质结构在地下水渗流作用下引起的自然极化及由此形成的自然电场的分布特征,通过自然电场法与高密度电法联作,利用科研和中国地质调查局地质调查项目中探采结合井位的综合物探结果,探讨以自然电场法为主导、辅以高密度电法等综合物探方法,在西江中下游岩溶石山地区不同水文地质环境中寻找岩溶地下水的成功应用效果与失败的经验教训。研究结果表明,感应类电法（如瞬变电磁法、音频大地电磁测深法、地面核磁共振法、激发极化法、声频大地电场法、甚低频电磁法等）受电网、通信网络等人为电磁场干扰较严重;高密度电法抗人为电磁场干扰的能力较强,信噪比较高,但勘探深度相对较浅,且易受炭泥质灰岩、岩溶矿产等良导电岩矿体的干扰。自然电场法利用岩溶地下水运移引起的富水岩溶地质结构自然极化特征,自然电场异常与动态地下水的补给与运移状态关系较密切,自然电场法与基于探测目的体导电特性的高密度电法联作寻找溶洼区浅层地下水可起到方法互补、相互印证、提高探测分辨率与精度的作用。     

太湖流域水污染控制与生态修复的研究与战略思考

为了探明太湖水体中胶体磷含量,更深入认识营养盐在大型浅水湖泊中的循环过程和机理,分别从太湖的梅梁湾和贡湖湾两个不同类型的湖区采集水样,利用切向流超滤方法分离出胶体物质,对太湖水体中胶体磷含量进行了初步研究．结果表明:太湖水体春季胶体磷含量在0．017-0．029 mg／L间,其中梅梁湾藻型湖区胶体磷含量范围是0 023- 0．029 mg／L,贡湖湾草型湖区胶体磷含量在0．017-0．022 mg／L间．梅梁湾水体胶体磷占总磷比例平均为28．6%;而贡湖湾胶体磷占总磷比例平均达到39．3%．梅梁湾水体真溶解态磷含量显著高于贡湖湾水体,达贡湖湾的4倍．与澳大利亚的17个湖泊相比,太湖属胶体磷含量偏低的湖泊,但相对于海洋的研究结果,太湖胶体磷含量明显偏高．     

Comparison of Three Tropical Cyclone Intensity Datasets

Analyzed in this paper are the 16-yr (1988-2003) tropical cyclone (TC) intensity data from three major forecast centers of the western North Pacific, i.e., China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Regional Specialized Meteorological Center Tokyo (RSMC Tokyo), and Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) of the United States. Results show that there are significant discrepancies (at 1% significance level) in the intensity of TCs among the three centers, with a maximum difference for the same TC over 30 m s-1. The flight reconnaissance over TC can minish the discrepancy to some extent. A climatic and persistent prediction model is set up to study the impact of initial data from different forecast centers on the prediction of TC intensity. It is obtained that the root mean square error (RMSE) of a 4-yr independent test is the largest using data from JTWC, while the smallest using data from RSMC Tokyo. Average absolute deviation in 24-h intensity prediction is 2.5 m s-1 between CMA and RSMC Tokyo data, and 4.0 m s-1 between CMA and JTWC data, with a maximum deviation reaching 21 m s-1. Such a problem in the initial value increases the difficulty in intensity prediction of TCs over the western North Pacific.     

气象卫星资料在估测热带气旋强度方向的应用进展

在常规观测资料稀少的热带洋面上,气象卫星是监测热带气旋的主要工具.基于可见光和红外的Dvorak技术通过一系列经验规则,将热带气旋在卫星云图中表现出来的云系结构特征及特定的参数同其发展强度联系起来,但它无法得到气旋内部辐射信息.相对而言,波长较长的微波能穿透热带气旋中高层云系,反映出与热带气旋强度相关的暖核辐射信息.介绍了国内外利用Dvorak技术和星载微波技术估测热带气旋强度的研究进展,指出它们在应用中存在的优势和不足,同时展望了该领域在未来的发展方向.     

Climatological characteristics of the tropics in China: climate classification schemes between German scientists and Huang Bingwei

Reviewing some important German scientists who have developed climatic regionalization schemes either on a global or Chinese scale, their various definitions of the tropical climate characteristics in China are discussed and compared with Huang Bingwei's climate classification scheme and the identification of the tropical climate therein. It can be seen that, due to different methodological approaches of the climatic regionalization schemes, the definitions of the tropics vary and hence also their spatial distribution in China. However, it is found that the tropical climate type occupies only a peripheral part of southern China, though it firmly represents a distinctive type of climate that is supsequently associated with a great economic importance for China. As such, the tropical climate type was mostly identified with its agro-climatological significance, that is by giving favourable growing conditions all-year round for perennial crops with a great heat demand. Tropical climate is, hence, conventionally regarded to be governed by all-year round summer conditions "where winter never comes".