Chronostratigraphic framework and depositional environments in the organic‐rich,mudstone‐dominated Eagle Ford Group,Texas, USA

Since the beginning of the century, several authors have hypothesized and documented the presence of bottom currents during the deposition of mudstones, including mudstones rich in organic matter, challenging the assumption that persistent low‐energy conditions are necessary prerequisites for deposition of such sediments. More processes responsible for transport and deposition of mudstones mean also more processes acting contemporaneously in different parts of a basin. Without a precise and robust chronostratigraphic framework, however, it is not possible to characterize these differences. The new data reported here provide a profoundly different understanding of the controls on sedimentation in distal continental shelf platforms. To enhance the understanding of the different coeval environments of deposition coexisting in a muddy system, the Upper Cretaceous Eagle Ford Group, deposited on the Comanche carbonate platform, has been investigated by integrating sedimentology, mineralogy, geochemistry and palaeoecology, and creating age models in different physiographic sectors using biostratigraphy and geochronology. Data from two cores and 41 outcrops were analysed with a telescopic approach, from grain scale to basin scale. Nine temporal stages over a ca 8 Myr interval (ca 98 to 90 Ma) were defined in an area that spans 75 000 km². Finally, the different environments of deposition recorded within each of the nine stages were interpreted. The construction of the chronostratigraphic framework also allowed: measuring the duration of a basin‐wide gradational increase in energy in the water column (ca 1 Myr) and a hiatus confined into the shallower water sector (ca 2 Myr); determining the mean eruption frequency of volcanoes (ca 9 kyr); and the time of inundation of the Western Interior Seaway (97·5 to 97·1 Ma). The context, the outcrops–cores–logs correlations, the large data set (Appendix  S1 ), the high‐precision and well‐calibrated constraints represent an unprecedented contribution for future regional facies models of organic‐rich units and for improvements of key aspects in the industry of unconventional resources.     

世界页岩气研究概况及中国页岩气资源潜力分析

页岩气系指泥岩或页岩在各种地质条件下生成的、已饱和岩石自身各种形式的残留需要、进入了排烃门限但尚未完全排出的以吸附、游离及溶解等多种形式残留于泥页岩内部的天然气资源。随着北美、欧洲和亚洲等地区页岩气勘探程度不断加大,对页岩气的储集特征、成藏机理等方面的研究取得重大进展。但页岩气研究仍存在许多问题,如"页岩气"概念没有科学地表达出页岩油气资源的科学内涵;页岩气的成因机制不清且缺乏行之有效的判别标准;页岩气分布发育模式不明且缺乏统一的预测方法。针对当前对页岩气的认识,本文依据源岩残留烃临界饱和量及其钻采过程中温压下降而释放油气的比率等参数,对中国页岩气资源进行了预测。     

塔里木盆地深层、超深层白云岩优质储集层测井预测*

塔里木盆地寒武系白云岩是深层、超深层油气勘探的重要接替层系,但该套白云岩具有时代古老、埋藏深、成岩和构造演化复杂的特征,亟需在揭示储集层成因基础上建立不同成因白云岩储集层配套测井评价方法。由此通过岩心、薄片观察,结合常规和成像测井首先从储集层孔隙成因角度出发,识别出“岩溶改造型”和“沉积相控型”两大类白云岩。岩溶改造型白云岩储集层质量受岩溶相带控制,纵向可划分出表层岩溶带、垂直渗流带、水平潜流带和深部缓流带4个岩溶相带。沉积相控型白云岩储集层物性则受沉积相带控制,颗粒滩等高能沉积相决定了储集层质量。通过岩心刻度常规和成像测井分别建立岩溶相带以及沉积微相的测井识别模式与准则,实现了单井岩溶相带和沉积微相的测井识别与划分。最后在岩溶相带和沉积微相约束下实现单井白云岩储集层综合评价以及有利发育区带预测。岩溶改造型白云岩储集层,其垂直渗流带与水平潜流带分别以高角度裂缝和水平溶蚀孔洞为主要特征,可形成有利储集体发育的缝洞系统。沉积相控型白云岩,其中的颗粒滩和云坪高能相带原始孔隙发育,且也有利于进一步溶蚀,因此物性较好。研究成果可为深层、超深层白云岩有利储集层分布预测提供理论指导和技术支撑。     

吐哈盆地胜北洼陷七克台组浅水湖相细粒沉只岩岩目特征、成因模式及页岩油意义

本文通过岩芯观察、常规薄片、全岩X射线衍射分析和扫描电镜等技术手段,结合无机地球化学沉积环境指标,对胜北洼陷七克台组二段(J2q2)浅水湖相细粒岩的岩相特征和沉积环境等进行研究,建立浅水湖相细粒岩沉积成因模式,并分析了其页岩油/致密油储层意义.研究结果表明:研究区细粒沉积岩具有复杂的矿物成分和沉积组构,有机质含量变化较大.综合矿物组分、沉积构造、有机质特征等因素,将七克台组二段细粒岩划分了11种岩相类型,主要为多组分混杂岩相,每一类岩相具有多种沉积构造,包括块状、含颗粒非纹层状和纹层状等类型.其中以含有机质块状长英质细粒混积/沉积岩相、含有机质块状碳酸盐细粒混积/沉积岩相和含有机质块状黏土质细粒混积岩相为主,少量的富有机质纹层状碳酸盐细粒混积/沉积岩相和含颗粒非纹层状碳酸盐细粒混积/沉积岩相.在古气候偏干旱、古盐度高、水体相对较深、陆源碎屑供给弱的条件下,湖盆水体主要发生化学和生物化学作用,碳酸盐细粒沉积岩/混积岩相较发育.不同沉积环境的岩相在垂向上频繁叠置,交互出现,可总结为4种岩相组合类型,分别形成于浅水碳酸盐颗粒滩-湖湾相组合、湖湾-灰泥坪相组合、灰泥坪-砂泥坪相组合和混积滩坝-浅湖泥相组合.在细粒岩的岩相类型、特征、沉积环境及垂向演化序列研究的基础上,最终建立了七克台组二段浅水湖相细粒岩沉积模式.该套细粒岩具有中等偏高的生烃潜力,碳酸盐含量高的细粒岩发育碳酸盐晶间孔隙和微裂缝,且脆性矿物含量高而易于后期压裂改造,具备形成页岩油/致密油的有利条件,具有重要的勘探意义.     

浅成侵入岩储层分布模式——以新西兰Lyttelton火山中新世浅成岩脉为例

侵入岩油气藏广泛分布于世界各盆地中,具有良好的油气勘探潜力。但对原生孔隙发育的岩脉储层模式的研究尚未引起足够的关注。本文以新西兰基督城Lyttelton火山西北部的中新世浅成岩脉为研究对象,根据野外露头调查、孔渗测试、图像分析和经验公式的渗透率计算,对其孔隙构成、储层分布模式和储层控制因素进行分析。结果表明:该区浅成侵入岩为孔隙-裂缝型储层,储集空间以气孔为主,冷凝收缩缝次之;气孔可见定向拉长的大直径椭圆形和离散的小直径圆形两类,对孔隙度的贡献以前者为主;柱状节理可见规则和不规则两类,后者的裂缝面密度较高;具有中孔-中渗的特征,局部高孔-高渗;柱体横截面形态和规则性是影响地层渗透性的关键因素。整体上,浅成岩脉从下到上孔隙度由小变大,柱状节理由规则变为不规则;气孔可由柱状节理沟通,其连通性受柱状节理缝间距、缝宽,以及定向拉长气孔与柱状节理之间的夹角控制;Lyttelton火山的浅成岩脉显示,冷凝固结阶段气孔的初始连通率可高达35%。综上,浅成岩脉可具有良好的储集性能,气孔初始连通性较高,可作为有利的勘探目标。     

重庆大巴山超大型陶粒页岩矿产资源的发现与研究

页岩陶粒是一种以具有自膨胀性能的页岩或板岩为唯一原料加工制备的保温隔热矿物功能材料和轻质多孔基础材料.在介绍重庆大巴山超大型陶粒页岩矿产资源地质特征基础上,采用多种现代检测技术和与国内同类原料对比方法,研究了代表性陶粒页岩和生产试验样品的矿物材料学特征,结果表明:重庆大巴山城口—巫溪是优质陶粒页岩矿产资源的集中分布区,...     

地热系统中矿物-流体化学平衡的计算

在热勘探过程中 ,建立在水 -岩平衡基础上的地热温标方法 ,常被用来评价地下热储温度。本文采用多矿物平衡图解法和Na -K -Mg三角图解法 ,研究西藏高温及江西中低温地热流体的平衡状态 ,从而为地热温标的选择提供了理论依据。     

The origin and accumulation model of crude oils from oil reservoirs Chang 9 and Chang 10 in the Yanchang Formation of the Ordos Basin

In the lower parts of oil reservoirs Chang 9 and Chang 10 of the Yanchang Formation are oil-bearing layers newly found in oil exploration in the Ordos Basin.Based on GC,GC-MS analyses of saturated hydrocarbons from crude oils and source rocks,reservoir fluid inclusions and BasinMod,the origin of crude oils,accumulation period and accumulation models are discussed in combination with other petroleum geology data in this paper.The result shows that(1) there are two different types of crude oils in oil reservoir Chang 9 in the Longdong and Jiyuan regions:crude oils of typeⅠ(Well D86,Well A44,Well A75,Well B227,Well X62 and Well Z150) are mainly de-rived from the Chang 7 source rocks(including mudstones and shales) and distributed in the Jiyuan and Longdong regions;those of typeⅡ(Well Z14 and Well Y427),are distributed in the Longdong region,which are derived from the Chang 9 source rocks.Crude oils from oil reservoir Chang 10 in the Shanbei region are mainly derived from the Chang-9 source rocks;(2) there are two phases of hydrocarbon filling in oil reservoir Chang 9 in the Jiyuan and Longdong regions and oil reservoir Chang 10 in the Shanbei region:The first phase started at the early stage of J2z.The process of hydrocarbon filling was discontinuous in the Late Jurassic,because of the tectonic-thermal event in the Ordos Basin.The second phase was the main accumulation period,and hydrocarbons began to accumulate from the late stage of J2a to the middle-late of K1,mainly at the middle-late stage of K1;(3) there exist two types of accu-mulation models in oil reservoirs Chang 9 and Chang 10 of the Yanchang Formation:source rocks of the reservoirs in oil reservoir Chang 9 in the Jiyuan region and oil reservoir Chang 10 in the Shanbei region,the mixed type of reservoirs on the lateral side of source rocks and source rocks of the reservoirs in oil reservoir Chang 9 in the Long-dong region.     

南海北部陆坡白云深水区深水沉积结构要素

在回顾深水沉积结构要素研究的基础上,结合白云深水区的勘探实践,对白云深水区深水沉积的结构要素进行了研究。将白云深水区深水沉积划分为4种结构要素,分别为水道、天然堤-溢岸沉积、席状砂和块体搬运沉积。水道是白云深水区深水沉积的主要组成部分,也是重要的储层;水道按成因可分为侵蚀型、侵蚀/加积型和加积型;水道充填沉积物的岩性变化较大,有砾岩、砂岩、泥岩以及几种岩性的混合。天然堤-溢岸沉积主要以泥岩、粉砂岩为主,平面上,天然堤-溢岸沉积与水道走向平行,横向上远离水道扩散,侧向连续性好但垂向连续性差。席状砂位于水道末端,具有朵叶状外形,分为层状和合并状2种类型：层状席状砂具有相对低的砂岩体积分数,泥岩和砂岩互层;而合并状席状砂岩体积分数高,砂层和砂层接触,夹有少量的泥。块体搬运沉积包括滑塌、滑块、块体流、碎屑流、坡身失稳复合体、块体搬运复合体等;块体搬运沉积常直接位于层序界面上,对下伏地层侵蚀明显,分布广泛,可作为良好的油气封盖层。     

页岩气成藏条件及中上扬子区志留系页岩气勘探前景分析

分析对比美国与中国南方页岩气成藏条件,认为页岩气富集主要取决于以下几个因素:①泥页岩有机质地球化学特征(厚度、有机质类型、丰度、成熟度);②储集条件(矿物组成、孔隙度和渗透率及裂缝发育);③保存条件主要包括埋藏深度、温度与压力等.其中前两项为页岩气成藏主要条件.总结出有利的页岩气藏开发下限指标为:w(TOC)≥0.5％...