重庆及其周缘地区下古生界页岩气成藏条件及有利区预测

从野外地表露头、井下岩心及典型剖面等基础资料出发,以富有机质页岩形成地质背景及其展布特征-页岩气成藏条件-有利区预测为主线,对重庆及周缘地区下古生界页岩气成藏条件进行分析,并采用综合信息叠合法对该区有利区进行预测。指出研究区下寒武统筇竹寺组和上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组两套富有机质页岩普遍发育,分布广,厚度大,埋藏适中,有机质类型好,有机质含量高,具有充足的储集空间和运移通道,并且等温吸附模拟和现场解析实验也表明,这两套页岩均具有较强的气体吸附、较好的含气性能;多口井钻遇黑色页岩段气显异常普遍,也为页岩气的存在提供证据。总之,该区与美国东部典型页岩气盆地有诸多地质可比性,具有形成页岩气藏的有利地质条件,是页岩气勘探研究值得关注的重要领域。     

Emplacement mechanisms of the South Kona slide complex,Hawaii Island: sampling and observations by remotely operated vehicle Kaiko

Emplacement of a giant submarine slide complex, offshore of South Kona, Hawaii Island, was investigated in 2001 by visual observation and in-situ sampling on the bench scarp and a megablock, during two dives utilizing the Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Kaiko and its mother ship R/V Kairei. Topography of the bench scarp and megablocks were defined in 3-D perspective, using high-resolution digital bathymetric data acquired during the cruise. Compositions of 34 rock samples provide constraints on the landslide source regions and emplacement mechanisms. The bench scarp consists mainly of highly fractured, vesiculated, and oxidized aa lavas that slumped from the subaerial flank of ancestral Mauna Loa. The megablock contains three units: block facies, matrix facies, and draped sediment. The block facies contains hyaloclastite interbedded with massive lava, which slid from the shallow submarine flank of ancestral Mauna Loa, as indicated by glassy groundmass of the hyaloclastite, low oxidation state, and low sulfur content. The matrix facies, which directly overlies the block facies and is similar to a lahar deposit, is thought to have been deposited from the water column immediately after the South Kona slide event. The draped sediment is a thin high-density turbidite layer that may be a distal facies of the Alika-2 debris-avalanche deposit; its composition overlaps with rocks from subaerial Mauna Loa. The deposits generated by the South Kona slide vary from debris avalanche deposit to turbidite. Spatial distribution of the deposits is consistent with deposits related to large landslides adjacent to other Hawaiian volcanoes and the Canary Islands.     

深部煤层气储层地质研究进展

深部煤层气资源潜力巨大,将是非常规天然气勘探开发的一个新领域。美国和加拿大部分地区已经成功实现了深部煤层气开发的商业化水平,而中国由于受当前开发技术和经济条件的限制,至今尚未形成规模性的开采。基于对近年来有代表性的学术论著的研究分析,从煤岩孔裂隙结构、吸附解吸性质、气体在煤层中的扩散渗流过程、煤储层的可改造特征等4个方面总结了深部煤层气储层物性的理论研究进展。研究指出深部煤储层处在高温、高压和高地应力的复杂地质环境中,煤储层储渗演化、煤层气吸附解吸扩散渗流平衡关系、煤岩应力应变行为等趋于复杂,开展特殊地质条件下的深部煤储层物性演化机理的研究,对我国深部煤层气资源的勘探开发具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

基于微观尺度的页岩损伤破裂数值试验

为正确认识下寒武统页岩微观尺度破裂特征及声发射信号演化规律,基于数字图像处理技术对含石英充填的页岩进行非均匀性表征,采用岩石真实破裂分析系统RFPA^2D-DIP建立数值模型,模拟页岩在不同围压作用下的破坏过程。试验结果表明：在微观尺度结构下,页岩破裂模式大致可归纳为3种形式,分别为倒V形（0、2 MPa）、V形（6 MPa）和倒Z形（10 MPa）。由于石英矿物颗粒分布不规律且具有非均匀性,导致应力分布对页岩微观结构产生显著差异。单轴时,累计声发射（简称AE）表现为“平缓-线性-平缓-稳定”模式;围压为2 MPa时,累计AE表现为“平缓-非线性-激增-平缓-稳定”模式;围压为6、10 MPa时,累计AE表现为“平缓-非线性-稳定”模式。页岩的破裂模式和微观结构破坏规律为页岩气的压裂开采提供重要的理论指导。     

银额盆地巴隆乌拉白垩系巴音戈壁组黑色页岩沉积环境及有机质富集模式

银额盆地早白垩世沉积的巴音戈壁组湖相页岩是一套重要的烃源岩。通过对巴隆乌拉剖面黑色页岩进行地球化学分析,研究其主量、微量和稀土元素特征,以及黑色页岩沉积的古环境及有机质富集模式。结果表明,Sr/Ba值为0.14~0.24,平均值为0.18,B/Ga值为3.89~6.51,平均值为5.03,相当B含量为230.88×10-6~375.99×10-6,平均值为294.95×10-6,古盐度为11.97‰~15.83‰,平均值为14.70‰;V/(V+Ni)值为0.67~0.84,平均值为0.74,Ceanom值为-0.113~0.018,平均值为-0.055;古气候指数(C)为0.80~1.34,平均值为1.06,化学蚀变指数(CIA)为75~81,平均值为79;古水深为4.16~88.04 m,平均值为33.40 m;P/Ti值为0.10~0.22,平均值为0.15,过剩钡(BaXS)为-46.5×10-6~144.5×10-6,平均值为38.85×10-6。综合各参数特征,研究区黑色页岩沉积于温暖、湿润、半咸水、缺氧的还原环境,沉积水体较深,具有低的古生产力条件。有机碳含量与沉积环境间相关性的研究表明,巴音戈壁组黑色页岩有机质富集是古盐度、氧化-还原条件、古气候、古生产力等因素共同作用的结果。研究结果可为银额盆地中生界沉积演化和油气资源评价提供理论支撑。     

The dynamical and liquid water structure of the small cumulus as determined from its environment

This paper examines the evidence for the model of a small cumulus cloud represented as a quasi static but turbulent entity, growing on the upshear side and decaying on the downshear side. While the air just outside the cloudy outline is, on average, stationary relative to the embedding airmass, there is a slight flow, upwards and forward as though the updraft has induced upward motion in the clear air outside the cloud, on the growing side. On the decaying side the motion is downwards and away from the cloud.This is a flow pattern which is not consistent with the air flowing around the cloud as it moves forward but it agrees well with the picture given. Decayed remnants of cloud are found throughout the air previously occupied by the cloud. The cloud outline moves through the embedding air at a velocity which is almost as large as the relative motion of the subcloud feeding airflow (which is almost free from internal wind shear in strong convection).The mixing of dry air from above the inversion yields the observed diluted liquid water content in small cumuli, if such mixing is allowed to proceed until the cloud density equals that of the surrounding air. Quantitative conditions relating the liquid water to inversion temperature and moisture changes, and to the stability of the environment are presented. The strong vertical mixing from the top of the cloud downwards is important to microphysical processes.     

鄂尔多斯盆地黄陵北部延安组页岩气勘探潜力分析

鄂尔多斯盆地中南部发育有侏罗系延安组第二段和第三段陆相暗色厚层泥岩层系,矿物成分以石英、黏土为主,石英43%~56%,黏土矿物29%~33%。总有机碳(TOC)1.63%~3.89%,有机质成熟度R_o为0.59%~0.60%,含气量(CH₄)0.25~0.85 m³/t,等温吸附实验表明延安组泥岩的甲烷吸附能力与总有机碳含量呈正相关关系。泥岩处于生物成因气阶段,具备页岩气形成的基本地质条件,并可对比美国密歇根盆地Antrim页岩和伊利诺斯盆地的New Albany页岩的地质条件。为查清黄陵北部侏罗系延安组页岩气的勘探潜力,通过分析勘查和化验测试资料,对其页岩气勘探潜力进一步评价认为：黄陵北部延安组泥岩分布范围和厚度较大,已进入生物成因气和热催化生气的中间阶段,有机质丰度较高,具备形成页岩气的成藏条件,页岩气潜力巨大。     

夏玉米不同生育期叶片和冠层含水量的遥感反演

高光谱遥感技术监测作物含水量是了解作物生长状况的重要技术。为实现夏玉米不同生育期叶片和冠层含水量的快速、精细化、无损监测,本文基于2014年和2015年的6—10月华北夏玉米不同生育期不同灌水量干旱模拟试验数据构建了植被水分指数（WI,MSI,GVMI）、复比指数（WNV和WCG）和红边反射率曲线面积（Darea）的夏玉米冠层等效水厚度（EWTC）和叶片可燃物含水量（FMC）的反演模型。结果表明：6个指标反演夏玉米三叶期的EWTC模型均未达到0.05显著性水平,三叶期后各指标反演EWTC模型均达到0.01的显著性水平,且总体而言模型精度从高到低为抽雄期、拔节期、灌浆期、成熟期和七叶期。6个指标反演七叶期和拔节期的FMC均达到0.01显著性水平。因此,同一光谱指标反演夏玉米不同生育期叶片和冠层含水量的精度差异较大。光谱指标反演夏玉米叶片和冠层含水量指标的精度与夏玉米生育期有很大关系,进而提出了夏玉米不同生育期含水量反演模型。研究结果可为准确模拟夏玉米不同生育期含水量提供技术支撑。     

浅论马鞍山地区的膨胀土

膨胀土由于粘土矿物含量较多,在一定气候条件下其体积随含水量的增加而膨胀,随含水一的减少而收缩,以膨胀土为地基的低层建筑物常常成群开裂,笔者首次报道了马鞍山地区的膨胀土,并对该区膨胀土的分布,成因,评价方法和防治措施等提出了初步看法。     

新疆奇台绿洲农田灌溉前后土壤水盐时空变异性研究

对比研究了新疆奇台县绿洲农田灌溉前后土壤水盐的时空变异特征。结果表明,灌溉前,剖面各层土壤含水量较低（18.43%～20.30%之间）,且呈中等（偏弱）变异性。大水漫灌后1周,除40～60 cm和100～120 cm土层外,其他层土壤含水量均变为弱变异性;剖面平均土壤含水量升高6.90%,脱盐率达11.37%,其中,表层（0～20 cm）土壤水分增加率（50.93%）及脱盐率（27.14%）最大,底层（100～120 cm）土壤水分增加率（26.59%）及脱盐率（-4.76%）最小。灌后3周,剖面平均含水量减少3.64%,其中,表层（0～20 cm）失水率（28.84%）最大;剖面平均脱盐率降为9.63%,0～60 cm土层平均脱盐率（7.58%）减小,而60～120 cm土层脱盐率（11.01%）增大。除20～40 cm土层外,其他层含水量变异性均与灌前一致,说明含水量已接近灌前水平。至灌后第3周,各层含盐量、剖面平均盐分（中等变异性）及平均水分（弱变异性）含量的变异性未变,但其变异系数均在减小;剖面平均含水量的空间自相关性由中等转为强烈,变程一直增大,而平均含盐量均具有强烈的空间自相关性,变程先增大后减小。