Investigation of catalytic effects of indigenous minerals in the pyrolysis of Aleksinac oil shale organic matter

The catalytic effect of indigenous minerals in the pyrolysis of Aleksinac (Yugoslavia) oil shale was studied in this paper. The substrates were prepared by gradual removal of the mineral constituents (carbonates, silicates, pyrite) and the free and bound bitumens. The substrates were analyzed by chemical methods, X-ray diffraction, porosimetry, thermal analysis, ¹³C NMR, and standard ASTM Micro Activity Test (MAT) designed for the investigation of cracking catalysts. The liquid pyrolysis products were analyzed by organic geochemical techniques as well. Based on the yields of gaseous and liquid products and the coke, conversion degrees, GC analyses (MAT parameters) and weight losses (TG parameter), the catalytic effect of indigenous mineral components in the pyrolysis of Aleksinac oil shale organic matter was found to be very low. The results suggested that principal organic matter changes should be attributed to thermal rather than to catalytic cracking.     

扬子板块北部古被动大陆边缘的地球化学特征

本文初次提出扬子板块北部古被动大陆边缘的地球化学特征是:a、裂陷早期阶段,发育碱性双峰式火山岩,但在裂陷的晚期和移离的早期阶段,发育碱性而不具双峰特征的火山岩、岩脉群;b、发育具两类不同地球化学特征的砂页岩,裂陷阶段形成的砂页岩与活动大陆边缘形成的砂页岩具相似的地球化学特征,移离阶段所形成的砂页岩才真正具被动大陆边缘砂页岩的地球化学特征。     

在油气初次运移研究中压实曲线的应用

作者提出解释压实曲线的动态分析法。用它研究压实曲线,能够获得许多不同于静态分析的结论,如排烃深度、排烃方向以及对生油岩的评价等等。本文利用这种方法研究了板桥凹陷初次运移的问题,获得了与地化和构造研究一致的结论。说明这种方法在实践中得到了初步证实。     

深层泥页岩井壁失稳机理与预测模型研究进展

深层油气资源开发已成为国家油气发展的重要战略，泥页岩井段井壁失稳是制约深层油气资源安全高效开采的技术“瓶颈”。本文在分析深层泥页岩井壁失稳的力学机理和化学机理基础上，着重论述考虑泥页岩水化作用、弱结构面、各向异性和多场耦合的井壁稳定性预测模型的研究进展和发展趋势。钻井液密度不合理是井壁力学失稳的主要原因，泥页岩水化作用是井壁化学失稳的主要原因；在井壁流-固-化-热四场耦合作用下，考虑弱结构面、各向异性对泥浆安全密度窗口的影响，是目前研究深层泥页岩井壁稳定性的主要趋势和方法。     

鄂西地区震旦系陡山沱组二段页岩气储层测井评价初探

鄂西地区震旦系陡山沱组是中国页岩气勘查的新层系,其页岩储层矿物成分以白云石为主,测井响应特征与奥陶系五峰组—志留系龙马溪组、寒武系牛蹄塘组硅质页岩明显不同,原有储层"七性"关系测井评价对于陡山沱组页岩储层精细刻画和压裂施工解释评价存在一定的不适用性。本文以鄂阳页1井为例,综合利用常规测井、特殊测井和样品测试分析资料,研究发现不同于五峰组—龙马溪组和牛蹄塘组硅质页岩"四高四低"测井响应特征,陡山沱组二段云质页岩具有低伽马、低铀、低声波时差、低中子,高电阻率、高密度"四低两高"测井响应特征,认为元素测井是评价陡山沱组二段页岩地层总有机碳含量最直接和有效的方法,MRIL-P型核磁测井适用于该地层孔隙度参数评价。通过拟合计算完善了适用于该地层的含气量估算方法,获取了有利页岩储层评价参数,研究成果将为同类型页岩储层测井评价提供参考依据。     

山东山旺中新世硅藻页岩中的遗迹化石

山东山旺中新世湖相沉积硅藻页岩下部，首次发现无脊椎动物潜穴遗迹化石。本文描述了这一新遗迹属及新遗迹种，定名为硅藻山旺迹讨论了遗迹动物的行为习性和沉积环境。该遗迹化石保存为全浮雕，为觅食迹。新遗迹特征为平直和销弯曲的管状潜穴。潜穴一般可不分枝或二分枝，二分枝时两侧枝近相互平行延伸，潜穴直径２－２．５ｍｍ，沿长度粗细变化不大，估计潜穴动物身体粗细与潜穴相适应，推测可能是由湖生的寡毛动物蠕虫类所形成。     

A molecular and carbon isotope biogeochemical study of biomarkers and kerogen pyrolysates of the Kimmeridge Clay Facies: palaeoenvironmental implications

Structures and carbon isotopic compositions of biomarkers and kerogen pyrolysis products of a dolomite, a bituminous shale and an oil shale of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation (KCF) in Dorset were studied in order to gain insight into (i) the type and extent of water column anoxia and (ii) changes in the concentration and isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the palaeowater column. The samples studied fit into the curve of increasing δ¹³C of the kerogen (δ¹³C_TOC) with increasing TOC, reported by Huc et al. (1992). Their hypothesis, that the positive correlation between TOC and δ¹³C_TOC is the result of differing degrees of organic matter (OM) mineralisation in the water column, was tested by measuring the δ¹³C values of primary production markers. These δ¹³C values were found to differ on average by only 1‰ among the samples, implying that differences in the extent of OM mineralisation cannot fully account for the 3‰ difference in δ¹³C_TOC. The extractable OM in the oil shale differs from that in the other sediments due to both differences in maturity, and differences in the planktonic community. These differences, however, are not likely to have significantly influenced δ¹³C_TOC either. All three sediments contain abundant derivatives of isorenieratene, indicating that periodically euxinia was extending into the photic zone. The sediments are rich in organic sulfur, as revealed by the abundant sulfur compounds in the pyrolysates. The prominence of C₁-C₃ alkylated thiophenes over n-alkanes and n-alkenes is most pronounced in the pyrolysate of the sediment richest in TOC. This suggests that sulfurisation of OM may have played an important role in determining the TOC-δ¹³C_TOC relationship reported by Huc et al. (1992).     

Duration of soil cadmium and lead pollution from shale-based alum production

The scope of this study is to assess the present impact from an historical emission source, in order to provide information on the duration of this metal pollution problem.The present distribution of cadmium and lead, emitted from a Swedish alumworks between 1726–1840, was studied in soils, sediments and ground water. The soil data imply that cadmium has disappeared from the surface soils during the 150 to 250 years that have passed since the emissions ceased. Lead concentrations of the soil are elevated only within 200 m from the site of the works. Further away, the lead concentrations are almost at background level. A possible explanation for this pattern, is that lead dispersed in large particles has not yet fully disintegrated and leached down the soil profile, in contrast to the smaller particles deposited further away.The metal concentrations in the ground water wells are slightly higher than the Swedish average but probably governed by the pH of the water, rather than the occurrence of large amounts of metals. Elevated lead concentrations were found in a few sediment samples in the river mouth downstream from the works. These elevated concentrations coincided with the abundant occurrence of small particles of used shale, indicating their origin.Cadmium is not found, at present, in the soil around the alumworks in concentrations substantially above background levels. Consequently, it is likely that the cadmium deposited in the area, has leached through the upper layers of the soil profile on its way to the sea sediments. Likewise, the lead concentrations in the soil beyond 200 m from the alumworks are not above background levels which indicate that losses through leaching have occurred at a rate of 0.5 to 1.5% yr⁻¹.Finally, comparisons with other long-term perspective studies give an opportunity to discuss the rate for the disappearance of an environmental problem.     

页岩气及其勘探研究意义

与传统意义上的泥页岩裂缝气并不完全相同,现代概念的页岩气是主体上以吸附和游离状态同时赋存于具有生烃能力泥岩及页岩等地层中的天然气聚集,具有自生自储、吸附成藏、隐蔽聚集等地质特点。美国的页岩气勘探取得巨大成功,是投入工业性勘探开发的三大非常规天然气类型之一,目前已形成了区域性页岩气勘探开发局面。中国的页岩气研究正在起步,许多盆地及研究区具有页岩气成藏的地质条件。与美国东部地区页岩气成藏地质条件进行初步对比,中国南方具有有利的页岩气发育条件,开展页岩气研究具有重要意义。     

Preliminary Estimation of Paleoproductivity via TOC and Habitat Types： Which Method Is More Reliable？ -A Case Study on the Ordovician-Silurian Transitional Black Shales of the Upper Yangtze Platform, South China

New total organic carbon (TOC) data from the two Ordovician-Silurian transitional graptolite-bearing black shale intervals, the Wnfeng (五峰) Formation and the Longmaxi (龙马溪) Formation in Central Guizhou (贵州) and West Hubei (湖北), respectively, as well as previously reported TOC data from the same intervals in other places on the Yangtze platform of South China, have been used to produce an initial estimate of the primary paleoproductivity via a conventional inverse method (i.e., Rpp-inverse). The values of the Rpp-inverse are estimated to be 32 (43-21) gC/(m2·a) (Wufeng Formation) and 21 (27-16) gC/(m2·a) (Longmaxi Formation). Also, simultaneously, the habitat types (i.e., HT; cf., BA: benthic assemblage) and their temporal and spatial changes have been documented from the same succession, and an initial estimate of the primary paleoproductivity has been produced using a forward method (i.e., Rpp.forward). Being bounded mainly by the peritidai to inner-shelf environment shelly-facies or mixed-facies successions with BAI to BA3 faunas both at the top and the base, which indicates the habitat types from HT Ⅱ1 to HT Ⅲ2, the biohabitat type of the two graptolite-bearing black shale intervals can be limited to HT Ⅲ to HT Ⅳ, corresponding to the inner shelf to the outer shelf, with depths from roughly 60 m to 200-300 m. Based on the current data from the South China Sea and the southern part of the East China Sea, values of Rpp-forward should be about 100 to 400 gC/(m2·a). The difference in the results via the two methods suggests that paleoproductivity estimates from the geological strata need to be made cautiously, with particular attention paid to the paleogeographic setting, oxic-anoxic conditions, as also the preservation factor of organic carbon.