Characterizing the Micropores in Lacustrine Shales of the Late Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation of Southern Songliao Basin, NE China

Micropores of shale are significant to the gas content and production potential of shale, which has been verified in the research of marine shale gas; while, few studies have been conducted on lacustrine shales. This study collected 42 samples from three wells in the Late Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation of the southern Songliao Basin, NE China, and investigated these samples by the focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope (FIB–SEM) and nitrogen adsorption analysis techniques. Four types of micropores were identified in the samples, i.e., intergranular pore, intracellular pore, organic matter pore and microfracture. The pore structure type is characterized by open slit pores and “ink type” pores which are mainly 1.5–5 nm in diameter with mesopores as the main pores. The mesopores account for 74.01% of the pore volume and 54.68% of the pore surface area. Compared with the lacustrine shales from the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin and Xujiahe Formation in the Sichuan Basin, the intergranular clay mineral interlayer pores are considered to be the main reservoir space for shale gas storage in the study area, followed by intraparticle pores, organic matter pores and microfractures. Maturity and micropore are the key controlling factors which affect the shale gas content of the Qingshankou Formation in southern Songliao Basin.     

Geochemistry, Petrology and Mineralogy of Coal Measure Shales in the Middle Jurassic Yanan Formation from Northeastern Ordos Basin, China: Implications for Shale Gas Accumulation

The Jurassic Yanan Formation is one of the most important coal-producing formations and hydrocarbon source rocks in the Ordos Basin, North China. To evaluate the shale gas potential of the Yanan shale, a total of 48 samples from north Ordos Basin were sampled, and their geochemical, petrological, mineralogical and pore characteristics were investigated. It was found that the shale samples are a suite of early mature source rock. The total organic carbon (TOC) content ranges from 0.33% to 24.12% and the hydrogen index (HI) ranges from 43.31mg/g to 330.58 mg/g. The relationship between Tmax and HI indicates the organic matter is type Ⅱ-Ⅲ. This conclusion is also supported by the organic petrological examination results, which shows that the kerogen is mainly liptinite and vitrinite. Minerals in the samples are composed mainly of quartz, clay and feldspar, and the clay minerals are composed of prevailing kaolinite, illite/smectite, chlorite and a small amount of illite. Under scanning electron microscope, OM pores in the Yanan shale are scarce except pores come from the kerogen intrinsic texture or clay aggregates within the organic particles. As the weak compaction caused by shallow burial depth, interparticle pores and intraparticle pores are common, the hydrocarbon storage capacity of the Yanan shale was improved. According to evaluation, the Yanan shale is considered as a good shale gas reservoir, but its hydrocarbon potential is more dependent on biogenic and coal-derived gas as the thermogenic gas is limited by the lower thermal maturity.     

云南省富有机质页岩的形成环境及分布

在大量文献调研的基础上,探讨了云南省页岩发育的地质背景,总结了页岩形成时代和特点,明确了勘探开发的目标层位,研究了潜质页岩的形成环境和分布规律.结果表明,下寒武统筇竹寺组、下志留统龙马溪组、上志留统玉龙寺组和上三叠统须家河组可作为勘探开发的重点层位.筇竹寺组潜质页岩主要形成于陆棚环境,主要分布在滇西保山地区、滇中北部、滇东、滇东北和滇东南广大地区;由于大规模海退,龙马溪组潜质页岩仅分布在滇西保山地区、滇中北部和滇东北北部地区;因为滇东及滇东北地区继续发生大面积海退,玉龙寺组潜质页岩局限于曲靖、马龙、昆明、澄江一线;须家河组潜质页岩形成于陆相环境,主要分布于滇中分区和滇西兰坪-思茅地区.     

河南中牟区块太原组-山西组页岩气富集控制因素

河南中牟区块牟页1井是南华北地区第一口海陆过渡相页岩气探井,对太原组、山西组压裂试气,取得了日产1256m³天然气的重大发现.基于对牟页1井及地震等资料综合研究,认为太原组和山西组页岩气富集与产能控制因素取决于原始沉积条件和后期保存条件;泥炭沼泽亚相和潟湖亚相为页岩气发育最有利相带,页岩厚度大、有机质含量高是页岩气勘探选区的重要评价指标;区块内通天断层较多,盖层为泥岩而非封闭更好的膏盐岩,显示总体保存条件一般;在页岩气层系地化指标、厚度、埋深、沉积相及盖层条件相似的情况下,寻找构造相对稳定的区域是下一步勘探选区的关键.     

四川盆地焦石坝地区龙马溪组页岩气不同传输类型的临界孔径与传输能力

页岩气的扩散和渗流是页岩气富集过程中非常重要的地质作用,在地层条件下页岩气以扩散和渗流形式在微—纳米孔隙网络中进行传输。本文以四川盆地焦石坝地区龙马溪组页岩气藏为研究对象,基于克努森数与气体吸附机理,明确了页岩气扩散和渗流的主要类型;进一步结合气体微观分子动力学模拟,明确了剖面上不同页岩气扩散和渗流类型的临界条件;基于达西公式与菲克公式基本物理定义,建立了扩散系数与渗透率的关系,结合焦石坝地区龙马溪组页岩不同孔径下孔隙体积权重,查明了页岩全孔径视测渗透率的分布特征。研究表明,页岩气在地下主要存在三种扩散与两种渗流形式,包括吸附气表面扩散、克努森扩散、菲克扩散、滑脱渗流和达西渗流,现今焦石坝地区5种扩散和渗流类型临界孔径依次为1.2 nm、1.6 nm、25.0 nm、225.0 nm,不同扩散和渗流形式对应的孔隙体积占比依次为15.3%、5.6%、60.7%、6.4%、12.0%;宏孔主要提供了气体渗流空间、微孔与中孔主要提供了气体扩散空间,渗流传输能力约为扩散传输能力的10⁶倍。     

中国南方海相页岩气保存机理及模式

保存条件是控制页岩气富集和高产的关键因素,我国四川盆地五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气已实现了商业化开发,但受到保存条件的影响,页岩气富集差异性明显,对勘探开发目标优选提出了挑战。因此,深化中国南方海相页岩气保存机理及模式研究对扩大页岩气勘探开发成效、提高页岩气产量具有重要意义。本文以四川盆地及周缘地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩为研究对象,应用盆地模拟、流体包裹体分析、覆压孔隙度和渗透率实验、页岩三轴岩石力学测试等技术方法,取得了3方面认识：(1)揭示了页岩气构造保存机理,构造演化控制了页岩微裂缝开启、游离气富集和地层超压发育,差异构造演化过程及强度控制了页岩气赋存状态及含气量,构造抬升开始晚、强度小对页岩气保存有利;(2)阐明了页岩气顶底板封闭机理为岩性和物性封闭,岩性致密、页岩厚度、微观孔隙结构是顶底板封闭的关键控制因素,页岩气自封闭机理为毛管力和分子间作用力封闭,受控于孔隙连通性和甲烷吸附作用;(3)基于埋深和构造变形强度,建立了海相页岩气正向构造高部位和负向构造低部位保存模式。正向构造页岩气保存受控于裂缝发育程度,埋深大于页岩破裂深度、背斜两翼夹角大于120°有利于页岩气保存,负向构造页岩气保...     

咸化湖盆页岩油地质特征及资源潜力评价方法——以柴西坳陷下干柴沟组上段为例

柴达木盆地西部坳陷的英雄岭地区古近系下干柴沟组上段（E23）页岩油获勘探重大突破。下干柴沟组上段沉积时期属于典型的咸化湖盆,通过岩芯观察和X射线衍射全岩、地球化学、储层物性分析,发现在此环境下形成的页岩及页岩油具有明显的特性：① 页岩以碳酸盐岩矿物为主,岩性以纹层状云灰岩和层状灰云岩为主;② 烃源岩具有低TOC、高转化率的特点,游离烃含量高,具有明显的石油“超越效应”,而且页岩的含油性和生烃潜量与碳酸盐矿物含量呈正相关性;③ 储层表现为特低孔、特低渗的特点,黏土矿物类型以伊利石和伊蒙混层为主,有利于页岩油的稳产和高产;④ 地层压力系数高,能量充足,原油轻质组分多、气油比高。柴西坳陷E23页岩层系厚度大、面积广,为了评价其资源潜力,将柴西坳陷划分为小梁山、英雄岭、扎哈泉和茫崖4个凹陷,首先应用成因法计算资源量,然后用体积法、容积法和类比法验证其结果的可靠性,最终用德尔菲法确定页岩油总的资源量为69×108 t。本文研究成果具有重要的意义：① 明确了咸化湖盆页岩油独特的地质特征,指出富油层系的岩性组合;② 提出了计算吸附烃的计算公式,提供了一套切实可行的页岩油资源量的评估方法;③ 资源量的落实证实了柴西坳陷具有可观的页岩油资源潜力,坚定了勘探信心;④ 多因素综合划定的I类有利区带面积为2460 km2,指出了下一步勘探的现实领域。     

黔北下古生界烃源层系特征与页岩气成藏初探

为详细查明黔北及邻区牛蹄塘组、五峰组—龙马溪组烃源层系分布规律及有机地球化学特征,进行了详细的野外地质调查,结合前人已有研究成果分析表明,牛蹄塘组烃源层系分布受控于早寒武世沉积洼陷或裂陷槽,黔北地区发育两个生烃洼陷,分别位于在大方—黔西—清镇及桐梓—绥阳—湄潭以东地区,烃源岩(TOC1.0%)厚度80~110 m,黔北牛蹄塘组平均有机碳1.36%~10.01%,有机碳同位素-34.90‰~-28.19‰,Ⅰ型有机质,Ro为1.77%~4.53%。五峰组—龙马溪组烃源岩厚度大于20 m区域主要分布于桐梓—仁怀—椒园—下水以北区域,平均有机碳3.0%~5.0%,有机碳同位素-31.92‰~28.97‰,Ⅰ-Ⅱ1型有机质,Ro为1.73%~2.38%。综合分析表明五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气受控于富有机质页岩的分布及一定的保存条件,具有中等埋藏深度的正向构造及宽缓的向斜区是五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气勘探的有利区域。牛蹄塘组页岩气成藏受控于烃源岩层系厚度,震旦系晚期古岩溶发育部位、灯影组岩石物性的好坏、牛蹄塘组页理缝及保存条件等因素,黔西坳陷若干背斜牛蹄塘组烃源岩厚度大于80 m,埋藏深度为1500~2000 m,背斜两翼地层产状平缓,断裂普遍不发育,具有一定的保存条件,为牛蹄塘组页岩气勘探的有利目标区。     

湘中坳陷二叠系海陆过渡相页岩气地质条件

根据湘中坳陷二叠系黑色页岩的露头及岩心观测、含气量、地化和物性资料,以及等温吸附、氩离子抛光+扫描电镜等方法所获数据,探讨了页岩气地质条件。研究认为二叠系龙潭组、大隆组海陆过渡相页岩具备良好的页岩气地质条件。有机碳含量在2%以上;成熟度分布于1.2%~1.6%;储集类型主要为残留粒间孔、粒内孔、溶蚀孔等矿物质孔和少量有机质孔,孔隙度在0.54%~5.15%,等温吸附实验测试平均含气能力在5.488~6.905 m3/t。热演化史分析表明二叠系页岩在沉积之后经历了两次抬升剥蚀,第二次沉降没有达到第一次的最大埋深且没有二次生烃,这可能是导致研究区页岩总体含气量低的原因之一。构造分析表明,印支期和燕山期改造作用,对油气破坏明显,恶化了保存条件增加勘探风险。运用叠合法预测页岩气有利区为湘中涟源—娄底—双峰区、邵阳—邵东区,采用体积法计算页岩气总资源量为(127~425)×108m3(中值254×108m3),显示一定的页岩气资源潜力。综合分析认为保存条件是该区页岩气成藏的关键因素,也是勘探成功与否的首要因素。