Trace elements in world steam coal and their behaviour in Dutch coal-fired power stations: A review

Trace elements associated with the combustion of coal have received more attention recently, as can be seen from the increasing demands laid down in legislation and permits.Knowledge of the trace element content of coal is essential. Coal used in the Netherlands is imported from all over the world. As a consequence, Dutch power stations are designed to burn a wide range of bituminous coals. The largest share nowadays originates from South Africa, Colombia, and Indonesia, with these three countries accounting for more than 85% of the coal fired in the Netherlands in recent years. The coals, as imported in the Netherlands, have been monitored for their (trace) element content. At present the database contains results of own analyses of about 170 coals, originating from 14 different countries. An important uncertainty was the question of how homogeneous the imported lots are. It appears that the lots as imported from overseas are fairly homogeneous.The behaviour and fate of trace elements in coal-fired power stations has been studied in more than 40 mass balance studies since 1977. More than 50 test series have been completed during co-combustion of biomass and waste materials (up to 40% on mass base) since 1993. It has therefore been possible to establish a relationship between (trace) elements in the fuel and the ash, as well as with emissions into the atmosphere.     

富火山物质烃源岩评价方法——以北疆石炭系为例

正新疆北部石炭系发育一套巨厚的混杂有火山物质的烃源岩。有机质丰度以及类型等指标显示具有作为烃源岩的潜力。笔者综合运用薄片等分析资料将其划分为凝灰岩、沉凝灰岩、凝灰质泥岩、含碳质泥岩,并分类研究了其地球化学特征。针对富火山物质烃源岩成熟度高、有机质丰度低的特点,首次运用生烃模拟实验结合数值模拟开展其有机碳含量恢复,建立了不同火山物质含量烃源岩有机     

Aquatic Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment of Chemicals in Wet Weather Discharges in the Sydney Region, New South Wales, Australia

Sydney Water has completed a risk assessment to assess the risks to human health and aquatic organisms in creeks, rivers, estuaries and ocean waters affected by wet weather sewage overflows, stormwater and sewage treatment plant discharges. The risk assessment methodology consists of a comparison of measured and predicted concentrations of chemicals with toxicity reference values. Estimates of receiving water chemical concentrations were derived using data from a 10-year period so that the variable rainfall pattern was represented. Computer models were used to simulate and predict wet weather discharges during this ten year period. Risks were validated by bioassays and bioassessments. Risks to aquatic life from wet weather discharges were attributed to 14 chemicals at one or more of the sites and stormwater was the predominate source of the chemicals. There were no risks to people engaged in water based activities. Noncarcinogenic risks from fish ingestion are predicted at three sites. Predicted cancer risks for most individual chemicals were relatively small. Carcinogenic risks were typically associated with organochlorine compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dichlorobenzene, and arsenic. The predicted cancer risks also appear to be largely the result of stormwater rather than sewage overflow inputs and largely due to historical contamination by organochlorine pesticides. It is expected the concentrations of these chemicals will decrease over time.     

The Use of Aquatic Macrophyte Ecotoxicological Assays in Monitoring Coastal Effluent Discharges in Southern Australia

Germination inhibition of zoospores of the aquatic, brown algal macrophyte Ecklonia radiata was employed to assess the toxicity of sewage effluents under short to long term exposure and under modified salinity conditions. The rate of germination inhibition was determined for exposure times between 2 and 48 h in salinity modified and unmodified regimes and under reduced salinity conditions alone. The results indicated that rate of germination inhibition increased with duration of exposure to sewage effluents and to salinity reduction alone, and that response to the effluents may be enhanced under conditions of reduced salinity. Whilst the effect of primary treated effluent was primarily that of toxicity, secondary treated effluent effects appeared to be primarily that of reduced salinity although at a greater rate than would be expected for salinity reduction alone. The assay is suggested to provide a mechanism for monitoring sewage effluent quality and to monitor potential impacts of sewage effluent discharge on kelp communities in southern Australia.     

用伽玛—伽玛测井的低能组分测定煤灰分的可能

伽玛—伽玛测井中的散射伽玛射线低能部分的强度和地层的原子序数有关,因而能用来对煤层的灰分值作原位测量。对8个矿区164个煤样的计算表明,这种用煤层等效原子序数来确定灰分值的方法对煤的变质程度、水分含量变化不敏感,但对灰的元素组成变化,尤其是Fe     

A Closed Loop Wastewater Biorefinery Based on the Recently Introduced SHEFROL Reactor and Two Freely Available Macrophytes

With an objective to develop a closed loop wastewater biorefinery, the performance of two free floating aquatic weeds water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes, Mart, Solms) and salvinia (Salvinia molesta, Mitchell) is explored when either is used as the main bioagent for treating sewage in “sheet flow root level” (SHEFROL) bioreactors. Both the macrophytes prove to be easy to propagate and maintain while they are able to help in achieving significant primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment steps of greywater in a single step. Water hyacinth is able to remove suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen, soluble phosphorous, zinc, copper, nickel, and manganese to the average extents of 81%, 79%, 43%, 41%, 40%, 36%, 34%, and 29%, respectively. The reduction in COD and BOD levels achieved by salvinia is marginally lesser than by water hyacinth but in terms of the removal of other pollutants, the performance of salvinia is comparable to that of water hyacinth. It is possible to convert the dead or harvested plants to organic fertilizer thus making it a closed-loop system with no waste of its own.     

Comparative Assessment of Sludge Pre‐Treatment Techniques to Enhance Sludge Dewaterability and Biogas Production

Effectiveness of ultrasonication, microwave technologies, and enzyme addition prior to anaerobic digestion is investigated using sludge samples taken from the secondary settling tank of a domestic wastewater treatment plant to improve methane production, enhance dewaterability characteristics of the sludge, and to reduce excess sludge. Microwave pre‐treatment (1500 W, 10 min at 175 °C) results in better extra digester performance (compared to the control reactor) in terms of methane production (25 m³ ton^?1 suspended solids (SS)) than ultrasound (no improvement) and enzyme pre‐treatment (11 m³ ton^?1 SS). While methane production is not improved as a result of ultrasonication pre‐treatment (15 000 kJ kg^?1 SS), a noticeable increase (19%) is observed in the case of microwave pre‐treatment. Higher compactibility values are obtained after ultrasonication and microwave application compared to the control (i.e., from 7.1 to 8.7 and 9.2%, respectively) before anaerobic digestion. Although ultrasonication and microwave application decrease the dewaterability of the raw sludge (capillary suction time (CST) from 827 to 1364 and 2290 s, respectively), similar dewaterability results are obtained at the end of the anaerobic digestion process for all pre‐treated sludge samples. An economic assessment of this study shows that pre‐treatment with microwave results in more than 10‐fold less net cost compared to the enzyme application.     

火电厂粉煤灰的矿物磁性及其环境意义

火电厂排放的粉煤灰是重要的大气颗粒污染物之一,利用粉煤灰的磁性监测环境污染是新近发展的新手段。应用矿物磁测技术和X射线衍射对浙江省主要电厂排放的粉煤灰的矿物磁性特征和磁性矿物学,以及与重金属元素的关系进行了研究,结果表明粉煤灰具有较高的磁化率（X）、软剩磁（IRM20mT）和饱和等温剩磁（SIRM）值,粉煤灰频率磁化率（Xfd）的平均值为2．5％,磁性矿物以多畴（MD）颗粒存在,粉煤灰的剩磁矫顽力（BCR）在42～53mT之间。矿物测试结合X射线衍射分析表明粉煤灰中的氧化铁矿物以FeO4和Fe2O3-α为主,粉煤灰的磁化率与Fe、Mn、Pb、Zn、Cu、CA含量呈显著线性正相关,相关系数（r）分别是0．924,0．866,0．725,0．756,0．945和0．867,磁化率可作为粉煤灰中重金属元素含量的代用指标。     

臭氧氧化分解污泥的试验研究

臭氧氧化能有效地分解污泥,为对臭氧氧化后污泥性质的变化进行系统的研究,本文采用接触反应柱对污泥在臭氧氧化过程中性质的变化进行了研究。结果表明,在臭氧投量为0．1gO3／gSS时,污泥中的溶解性COD浓度从256mg／L增加到2126mg／L,污泥沉降速度由初始的0．19cm／min增至1．43cm／min,滤饼的含水率由初始的76．6％降至70．6％。臭氧氧化后污泥絮体被分解,产生大量悬浮粒子,使污泥上清液的浊度和悬浮物浓度增加。臭氧氧化处理后污泥的过滤性能恶化。污泥比阻增大。