中国大陆中上地壳剪切波速结构

为使已获得的中国大陆中上地壳结构更为可靠,本文搜集了很多对浅部结构分辨率较好的短周期面波资料. 与传统面波层析成像反演方法不同,本文在第二步由面波频散得到剪切波速的过程中不再对每个结点进行一维波速模型分别反演,而是直接将所有结点上的区域化频散转换成三维波速结构的线性化约束,实现了直接的三维反演. 检测板测试结果显示该方法可以得到理想的反演结果. 本文得到的波速模型显示,中国大陆中上地壳的速度分布存在明显的横向变化和分区特征. 较低的波速异常很好地勾勒出我国主要的沉积盆地,波速异常在不同深度上的变化在一定程度上反映了各盆地结晶基底的深度. 以东经95deg;为界,特提斯构造域西部具有明显的低速异常,而东部基本没有低速异常. 基于油气资源多存在于沉积层中,而沉积层表现低速异常,我们推测特提斯构造域西部油气前景比东部好. 另外, 由于特提斯构造域西部低速非常明显,这可能也说明了其地壳温度较高. 兴安造山带的低速异常可能也说明了其地壳温度较高. 20 km深度上鄂尔多斯盆地西侧的弱低速带, 很好地勾勒出中国大陆近似沿105deg;经线的强震带的走势.      

鄂尔多斯地块周缘三维地壳速度结构研究

鄂尔多斯地块及周缘位于青藏高原与华北地块之间,其内部无大断裂分布,而周缘却由活跃的地震带——活动断陷带和弧形断裂带包围.因此,鄂尔多斯地块内部无6级以上大地震分布,而周缘地震活动则频度高、强度大(图1),历史上发生多次破坏性大地震,如:1654 年天水南8.0 级、1879 年武都南8.0级、1920 年宁夏海原81/...     

Hydrologic simulation of clay‐settling areas in the phosphate mining district,Florida

Clay‐settling areas (CSAs) are one of the most conspicuous and development‐limiting landforms remaining after phosphate mining. Many questions are asked by the mining and regulatory communities with regard to the correct modelling (predictive) methods and assumptions that should be used to yield viable hydrologic post‐reclamation landforms within CSAs. Questions as to the correct methodology to use in modelling/predicting long‐term CSA hydrologic performance have historically been difficult to answer because the data and analysis to support popular hypotheses did not exist. The goal of this paper was to substantially improve the data, analysis and predictive methodology necessary to return CSAs to viable hydrologic units, and moreover, to develop better understanding of the hydrology of CSAs and their ability to support wetlands. The study site is located at the Fort Meade Mine in Polk County, Florida. In this paper, continuous model simulation and calibration of study site were conducted for the hydrologic model, Hydrological Simulation Program – FORTRAN, which was generally selected on the basis of its popularity in predicting the hydrologic behaviour of CSAs. The objective of this study was to simulate streamflow discharges and stage to estimate runoff response from these areas on the basis of the observed rainfall within the CSA. A set of global hydrologic parameters was selected and tested during the calibration by the parameter estimation software PEST. A comparison of the simulated and observed flow data indicates that the model calibration adequately reproduces the hydrologic response of the CSAs. The estimated parameters can be used as references for future application of the model. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of Manning coefficient for small‐depth flows on vegetated beds

The limitations of Manning's formula are analysed when it is in extreme conditions, and more specifically with small‐depth flows on natural‐vegetation beds. A thorough analysis is made of research carried out on macro‐rough beds, placing particular emphasis on vegetated beds. Research carried out to date on the roughness of vegetated beds and macro‐roughness is commented on, including that carried out at the Laboratory of Hydraulics and Hydrology of the Forestry Engineering Faculty (Polytechnic University of Madrid). The work was done in two phases, the first in a laboratory channel with artificial vegetation and the second in natural beds. The results of the experimental research allow the development of a new approximate method of determining Manning coefficient according to the Froude number. This method may be applied in extreme conditions, both in small depths and steep slopes. It was proved that the Manning coefficient depends not only on roughness height, but also on depth and slope values; thus, it is advisable to choose the appropriate method for its calculation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling combined open channel flow by artificial neural networks

Combined open channel flow is encountered in many hydraulic engineering structures and processes, such as irrigation ditches and wastewater treatment facilities. Extensive experimental studies have conducted to investigate combined flow characteristics. Nevertheless, there is no simple relationship that can fully describe the velocity profiles in a turbulent flow. The artificial neural network (ANN) has great computational capability for solving various complex problems, such as function approximation. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the applicability of the ANN for simulating velocity profiles, velocity contours and estimating the discharges accordingly. The velocity profiles measured by an acoustic doppler velocimeter in the open channel of the Chihtan purification plant, Taipei, with different discharges at fixed measuring section and different depths are presented. The total number of data sets is 640 and the data sets are split into two subsets, i.e. training and validation sets. The backpropagation algorithm is used to construct the neural network. The results demonstrate that the velocity profiles can be modelled by the ANN, and the ANN constructed can nicely fit the velocity profiles and can precisely predict the discharges for the conditions investigated. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A mixing-length model for predicting vertical velocity distribution in flows through emergent vegetation

Abstract

The vertical profiles of streamwise velocities are computed on flood plains vegetated with trees. The calculations were made based on a newly developed one-dimensional model, taking into account the relevant forces acting on the volumetric element surrounding the considered vegetation elements. A modified mixing length concept was used in the model. An important by-product of the model is the method for evaluating the friction velocities, and consequently bed shear stresses, in a vegetated channel. The model results were compared with the relevant experimental results obtained in a laboratory flume in which flood plains were covered by simulated vegetation.     

A numerical scheme for calculating stresses and strain rates in glaciers

The stress and strain-rate fields in a glacier or other type of rock with known rheological properties can be calculated by using a numerical solution technique. Calculations are based on force-balance equations and the constitutive relation for polar ice, and do not involve any mathematical approximations. The geometry is prescribed. Basal velocities also are prescribed, either by specifying their values or by relying on a sliding relation. All other quantities are determined numerically.     

唐山震区深反射剖面分析

为了进一步研究唐山地区深部地壳构造与唐山大地震孕育及发生的关系,国家地震局地球物理研究所在石油部物探局的协助下,于1985年1月在唐山震区完成了64km长的深反射剖面野外观测,获得了高分辨率的整个地壳结构的详细资料。分析结果表明,唐山震区内深度500m以上的沉积层十分破碎;结晶基底为前震旦纪地层,埋深2-7km不等,覆盖地层倾斜,且断层发育,其中陡河断裂为正断层,延深至6-7km,推断该断层为1976年唐山发震的重要构造之一。测线上大约21km深处普遍存在一反射层;莫霍面深度在31-32km左右,与该地区折射剖面得到的结果相当一致。     

三维地震勘探数据处理的问题及其解决方法

三维地震勘探在十年内取得了显著的地质效果和经济效益。三维地震数据处理技术也得到了迅速的发展。但是,与二维相比,三维地震数据处理技术有许多不完善之处。本文对其中几个主要问题进行分析并提出解决方法。这些问题是三维叠加速度分析、三维静校正和叠前三维偏移等处理方法。     

Simulation of flow over pool-riffle topography: A consideration of the velocity reversal hypothesis

Computer flow simulations using the HEC-2 step-backwater routine are used to demonstrate the effect of systematically varying river channel width, riffle spacing and channel roughness on the shear velocity, section-mean velocity and energy slope in fixed-bed pool-riffle sequences. Initial scaling is obtained by utilizing published information on hydraulic parameters within reaches of the River Severn. Subsequently this restriction is relaxed and the effect of varying parameter combinations within realistic limits is explored. The purpose of this exercise is to isolate those scenarios which may preclude or promote the occurrence of a competence ‘reversal’, such that pools scour at high flow whilst deposition occurs on riffles. It is concluded that rivers in which pools are hydraulically rougher than riffles are likely to demonstrate a competence reversal. For prescribed conditions, the critical discharge at which a reversal occurs is a negative function of riffle spacing and riffle width relative to pool width. Downstream variation in hydraulic roughness also has implications for the phase relationship of shear velocity maxima and minima in relation to the extremes in pool-riffle topography.