乡村聚落地理研究的国外动态与国内趋势

本文根据国内外乡村聚落地理研究的内容变化和理论进展，初步划分了乡村聚落地理研究的主要发展阶段。在此基础上，结合国外乡村聚落地理研究的动态及我国乡村地区发展的现实，对我国乡村聚落地理研究进行了回顾与评价，并提出若干重点研究内容与趋势。     

中国山区发展研究的态势与主要研究任务

山区发展问题是一个世界性难题。山区发展滞后是全球普遍的现象。国际上对山区发展研究十分重视,但发达国家与发展中国家因山区发展的水平和方向不同,对其研究的内容也明显差异。我国山区发展既不同于一般发展中国家,也有别于发达国家,正处于受全国工业化、城镇化快速发展冲击的变革期。山区发展在全国总体战略中占有重要地位,但当前是全国区域发展不平衡的主要贡献者,是“三农”问题的集中区和难点区,是全国脱贫的最后攻坚区。国内对山区发展研究虽然已取得巨大进展,但仍不适应新时期对山区发展的需求,加强全国山区发展研究势在必行。当前我国山区发展研究的重点应放在：山区发展战略,建设社会主义新山区,山区工业化,山区农业产业化,山区聚落和山区脱贫等方面上。应以科学发展观统帅山区发展研究,引入现代发展新理念,引进现代科学新理论和新方法,分别在国家层次、区域层次和聚落层次上开展研究；提倡深入山区,深入农村,深入农户；创建山区发展的长期、连续、定点的跟踪调查、监测,构建全国山区发展社会观测网络。     

Rural settlements in transition – agricultural and countryside crisis in the Central-Eastern Europe

The paper presents a synthesis of French and Bulgarian researches on the transition in villages in Central Eastern Europe. The main points focus on three questions, the rural unemployment and the crisis of small towns, the demographical deterioration, the new relations between villages and towns. A generalization of the rural central places' visual change and metaphors is proposed, completed by a typology of rural settlements. The question of the rural administrative divisions is discussed, with its implication for the future. As a whole the paper gives a contribution to the problematic of the likely development in the rural evolution pattern throughout Europe. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

动量BP算法及其在桩基沉降研究中的应用

文章在说明动量BP算法及其程序实现的基础上，阐还了网络训练中的主要参数(初始权值与阈值、隐层单元数、输出单元数、归一化方法、传递函数)对训练过程的影响，并将动量BP算法应用于桩基沉降的研究，研究表明，使用一定的训练参数，得到的预测沉降与最终沉降量会具有良好的一致性。     

多情景视角下基于空间组合识别的农村居民点布局优化研究——以江苏省新沂市为例

快速城镇化时期,探索农村居民点空间布局优化方案,有利于挖掘土地资源利用潜力,加快落实乡村振兴实践.本文以江苏省新沂市农村居民点为例,“自下而上”地从地理区位、村庄特征、生态本底和资源禀赋4个方面进行优化适宜性评价;基于一定耕作腹地范围内的空间竞合关系,对不同耕作半径下的优化适宜性评价结果进行二次迭代修正;并“自上而下”...     

Tunnelling in soils – ground movements, and damage to buildings in Workington, UK

Tunnelling through soils results in ground loss, causing surface settlements and transverse movements. Where the tunnel drive passes below an existing structure, it is important to estimate the effects upon the structure. However, the free ground deformations should not simply be imposed upon a structure, because the structure contributes to stiffening of the ground. A computational soil-structure interaction analysis is required, to otain detailed stress–deformation response. First, linear finite element and Lagrangian finite difference methods are used to estimate ground movements due to a tunnel in free ground, and the results are compared with values based on empirical equations. The two linear methods and an additional hybrid FE method are then used to assess with soil-structure interaction; two cases of a typical short wall and a long wall lying across the route of tunnels of different depths. The results support the validity of the hybrid method which is used to estimate interactive ground settlements for comparison with a reported case of tunnelling below a building in central London. A more detailed case study is then undertaken to assess building damage caused by gross settlements during tunnelling in mixed soils, at a site in Workington, west Cumbria. A survey allowed estimation of free ground movements. Analysis by the hybrid method on the soils plus uncracked structures indicated intolerable horizontal stresses. Re-analysis with major cracks introduced into the structures resulted in close agreement between measured and computed settlements.     

农村居民点时空变化特征及影响因素分析——以宁波市象山县为例

分析农村居民点时空变迁及其影响因素,有利于了解农村居民点变化的内在机理,加快新农村建设、改造和乡村振兴的步伐。本文基于象山县1990—2015年6期土地利用数据,利用土地利用动态度、景观格局指数、平均最邻近指数、核密度分析等模型方法,探析象山县农村居民点的时空变化特征和驱动因子。结果表明:(1)农村居民点面积不断增长,其速度先下降后增加,农村居民点扩展以块状扩展为主,其次为分散扩展、条带状扩展。(2)农村居民点向耕地和其他建设用地转移,耕地作为主要补充来源。农村居民点形态趋于规则,其平均斑块形状指数和分维数值呈波动下降趋势,聚集度值增加了2.62%。(3)农村居民点集聚趋势明显,其核密度最高值上升,高值区域靠近城镇。核密度空间分布随时间变化较小,都呈现中部高南北低的特征,且南部地区核密度略高于北部地区。(4)农村居民点趋向于布局在高程和坡度较小、靠近城镇中心,并有相应道路联系的区域,其他影响农村居民点布局的因素还包括农村人口和农村政策等。     

Measuring the area of cultivated land reclaimed from rural settlements using an unmanned aerial vehicle

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Investigating and monitoring the area of cultivated land reclaimed from rural settlements is important to optimize rural land use and understand spatial patterns....     

乡村聚落空间重构的理论解析

快速城镇化进程中中国传统乡村聚落空间面临剧烈分化和重组。在阐释乡村聚落空间重构的概念内涵基础上,基于宏观和中微观层面、客体和主体系统探讨了乡村聚落空间重构的机理,并提出了乡村聚落空间重构过程中需关注的要点。结论如下:① 乡村聚落空间重构即为适应城乡发展要素的变化,行为主体采取经济、技术、政策等手段调整村镇空间等级体系及干预单体聚落内部土地资源配置,以协调乡村地域人地关系的过程,具有重构内容复合性、重构目标多元性和重构过程复杂性的特点。② 乡村聚落空间重构折射着现代社会生产方式、经济结构、社会结构、制度演化、技术发展等宏观环境的变迁,并根植于所在乡村地域自然-经济-社会等客体系统的约束框架之内,凝聚着利益行为主体间的博弈、对抗、竞争与合作关系。③ 乡村聚落空间重构应正确处理人口-土地-产业关系,充分重视聚落的文化和生态价值,有效发挥政策和制度的支撑作用,以促进新时期乡村地域系统的全面振兴。