IPCC AR6报告解读：气候变化对城市、住区和关键基础设施的影响与适应

IPCC AR6 WGII评估了气候变化对城市、住区和关键基础设施的影响、风险及应对。气候变化对城市影响的程度和范围逐渐增加,全球城市化的过程与气候变化相互作用加剧了城市和住区的风险。通过社会基础设施、基于自然的解决方案和灰色/工程基础设施所采取的适应措施对气候恢复力发展均有贡献,而城市适应差距在世界各地普遍存在。气候恢复力发展需要多方协作、弥合政策行动差距、提升适应能力。评估报告的经验和案例为我国城乡地区适应和应对气候变化风险提供借鉴。     

内蒙古自治区人居环境综合适宜性评价及空间优化

科学评价区域人居环境适宜性,是开展国土空间开发适宜性评价的前提,对提高区域资源环境承载能力,促进人与自然和谐发展至关重要。本文以内蒙古自治区为案例,基于栅格尺度从自然与人文2个方面对人居环境适宜性进行评价;将适宜性因子作为城乡建设用地扩展的限制条件,采用MCR模型对城乡建设用地进行模拟,提出区域人居环境空间优化方案,主要结论有：水文与气候条件对内蒙古自治区人居环境的整体限制作用较强;内蒙古自治区人居环境临界适宜与不适宜区占比最高,达到52.8%;高度适宜区占比最低为9%,主要分布在前套平原及西辽河平原,全区人居环境适宜性水平整体偏低。内蒙古自治区城乡建设用地人居环境比较适宜与高度适宜区占绝对优势,适宜比例超过73%,从适宜性空间分布来看,南部整体优于北部,东部整体优于西部,地带性特征明显。内蒙古自治区城乡人居环境不适宜与临界适宜主要表现为自然条件不适宜及对自然保护区的不合理占用。内蒙古自治区城乡建设用地模拟结果显示远期呼包地区一体化连片趋势明显,内蒙古自治区可逐步形成以呼包鄂都市区、赤通都市区为主体,以文化特色鲜明、公共设施完善的中心城镇及中心乡村为依托,以人居环境不适宜区为间隔,城乡...     

基于体现人自我实现需要的中国主要城市人居环境评价分析

已有的城市人居环境评价研究大多基于"生存、生活需要"层次,从人的自我实现需要角度研究城市人居环境评价未见报道。在已有研究的基础上,综合考虑信息时代下城市人居环境的人文因素内涵,构建一套体现人自我实现需要的城市人居环境指标体系。在国内首次将自组织特征映射神经网络模型应用在城市人居环境聚类分析中,根据聚类结果将中国主要城市人居环境分成四种类型,总结城市人居环境空间分布总体特征,归纳不同类别城市人居环境的特点并分析产生这种空间分异的原因。     

青海东部高庙盆地史前文化聚落演变与气候变化

高庙盆地内史前文化遗址密集, 史前文化聚落的分布和自然环境关系密切, 受河流地貌影响尤其显著, 绝大部分连续性文化遗址都分布在T3 阶地上。5~4 ka BP 本区气候暖湿, 对应马家窑到马厂时期, 盆地内聚落分布由T3 阶地向T2 转移, 聚落分布模式由均匀到凝 聚, 数量和规模持续扩大, 到马厂时期, 聚落发展到鼎盛, 并出现了中型遗址, 成为聚落的中心, 聚落等级上升为两级; 4 ka BP 时气候突变, 急剧的降温, 使得从齐家文化到卡约-辛 店文化, 盆地内的聚落形态倒退。因此, 气候变化对盆地内聚落演变影响显著, 聚落对气候变化的响应明显。     

土地整理项目生态环境影响评价——以富顺县怀德镇土地整理项目为例

论文以富顺县怀德镇司湾村、界牌村、坝中村土地整理项目为例,对土地整理项目主要工程对生态环境的影响进行了深入研究并加以归纳概括,构建了土地整理生态环境影响评价指标体系与评价模型。经评价,整理前项目区生态环境综合指数为0.797,整理后为1.164,提高46%,说明经过土地整理,该区生态环境大大改善,从而证明该土地整理项目是科学的、可行的。     

Numerical study on the effect of rigid inclusions on existing railroads

Railroad track problems have been exacerbated by the continuous increase in freight loads and train traffic. The need to implement soil improvement technique in a relatively short window-time (ie, to minimize train-traffic disruption) is a key aspect to be considered when adopting a convenient remedial solution to control settlements in railroads constructed on problematic subgrades. Rigid inclusions are selected in this paper because they are reliable solutions relatively easy to implement. Furthermore, they can be used in different ground conditions and are suitable for short construction times (eg, do not require a curing time, as in grouting methods). Typical (analytical) methods for the design of rigid inclusions are adopted in this paper to define an optimal distribution of piles for the case of existing railroads. The selected layout is then analyzed in detail by means of a 3-D dynamic finite element simulator using both, elastoplastic and elastic models. The performance of rigid inclusions is studied considering different operational scenarios, with dynamic and static loads, as well as involving subgrades with different plasticity index values. It is found that the predictions from the analytical design methods for rigid inclusion tend to be unconservative when compared against the finite element results. As for the numerical solutions, the most unfavorable stress condition is associated with the dynamic elastoplastic finite element solution. It is estimated that the rigid inclusions will contribute to a reduction in the ground settlements of around 15% to 20%, depending on the subgrade plasticity index.     

洛阳地区史前聚落遗址空间形态研究

史前聚落与聚落之间按照一定的社会组织原则,在空间上近距离相聚而形成的各种聚落群聚形态,不仅是当时人类一种普遍生活方式的反映,而且还为窥探和研究史前社会的历史演变提供了一个视窗与平台。以中原核心地区洛阳地区(以洛阳盆地为主)为例,作为史前聚落群聚形态和社会演变的代表与典范展开研究。以仰韶文化时期与龙山文化时期的洛阳盆地为研究重点,基于GIS技术对该地区已发现的史前聚落遗址的数量、规模、空间分布、空间相互关系、以及与地形、地貌的空间关联等进行可视化的表达分析,并充分挖掘空间及属性信息,揭示"聚落群"与"聚落群团"的组织形态特点,辅助分析该地区聚落形态和社会演变规律,为史前文明进程的研究提供空间分析支撑。     

Property-based redevelopment and gentrification: The case of Seoul, South Korea

The urban experiences of South Korea in times of its rapid urbanisation and economic growth show that wholesale redevelopment had been a dominant approach to urban renewal, leading to redevelopment-induced gentrification. This was led by a programme known as the Joint Redevelopment Programme, transforming urban space that was once dominated by informal settlements into high-rise commercial housing estates. This paper tries to explain how this approach was possible at city-wide scale in its capital city, Seoul. Through the examination of redevelopment processes in a case study neighbourhood, it puts forward three arguments. First, the development potential arising from the rent gap expansion through under-utilisation of dilapidated neighbourhoods provided material conditions for the sustained implementation of property-based redevelopment projects. Second, this paper critically examines the dynamics of socio-political relations among various property-based interests embedded in redevelopment neighbourhoods, and argues that external property-based interests have enabled the full exploitation of development opportunities at the expense of poor owner-occupiers and tenants. Third, South Korea had been noted for its strong developmental state with minimum attention to redistributive social policies. The Joint Redevelopment Programme in Seoul was effectively a market-oriented, profit-led renewal approach, in line with a national housing strategy that favoured increased housing production and home-ownership at the expense of local poor residents’ housing needs.     

零散多边形综合质量评价研究

研究了零散多边形综合的质量评价,采用定性和定量相结合的方法,通过描述要素特征确定各要素特征的评价指标,然后整合各特征评价结果,得到地图综合的整体质量评价结果。以土地利用图中的农村居民点综合为例,介绍了其质量评价的过程,验证所提方法的可行性。     

Gated barriadas: Responses to urban insecurity in marginal settlements in Lima,Peru

The explosive growth of so‐called marginal settlements in Latin America's cities has received considerable academic attention in past decades. The inability of the state to adequately provide affordable housing for a rapidly growing urban population has meant that these neighbourhoods relied on community mobilization to achieve common objectives of basic infrastructure and legal recognition. With increasing consolidation and less need for coordinated action, many local organizations lost their rationale. Fear of crime and violence, a major concern in Latin American metropolises, is inscribed on the urban landscape by a growing number of gated and fortified residential enclaves for the better‐off. Marginal neighbourhoods, however, experience a ‘security gap’ as they receive insufficient police protection and lack the financial resources to employ private guards. In many cases, the real or perceived insecurities of inner‐city life have prompted organized bottom‐up, mostly informal and sometimes vigilante, responses. Drawing on research on the rise of informal security‐related interventions in the neighbourhoods of Lima Metropolitana, Peru, this paper explores the rationales underlying the different approaches and adoptions, including the involvement of the main actors, community associations and other local interest groups.