路基沉降监测中几种监测方法的应用

某高速公路工程是北京地区高速公路修建中地质条件复杂的工程之一,我们对本工程重点路段进行了施工期和工后变形监测。在整个工程监测中我们采用了横剖测试法、沉降板测量法和分层沉降法等几种监测方法进行了路基沉降监测。这几种监测方法也都体现出了不同的特点,下面对几种监测方法在工程应用中的区别、特点进行分析总结,希望对类似工程的方法选择和设计优化有所帮助。     

差异沉降法中倾斜量的正算与反演

针对差异沉降法倾斜观测数据的处理,及与其他方法所得成果的比对需要等问题,本文理论推导了任意两方向沉降差正算监测体最大倾斜角、倾斜方向的可靠公式,并用算例验算其正确性;由于差异沉降法一般不能反映0期监测时的倾斜量,本文提出将当前倾斜量作基础沉降差反演,导出通式,求得"原始高程",使后期沉降差完整反映监测体倾斜状态成为可能;最后通过试验验证本文方法。     

湛江某公司12.5万m3油罐基础沉降监测

用充水预压的方法来加固油罐地基是一种经济便捷地提高地基承载力的方法,对油罐的环墙进行监测是实施这种方法时保障其安全的重要手段。本文结合工程实例,介绍了大型油罐的环墙监测的一般方法。     

应用沉降速率推算剩余沉降及卸载时间

在地基处理工程中工后沉降和沉降速率是卸载的重要标准，次固结沉降可以估算在一定范围内，工后沉降满足要求与否则主要由剩余主固结沉降控制。基于砂进固结理论和Asaoka方法可以推算出在堆载预压任意时间的沉降速率，运用沉降速率和剩余主固结沉降的关系，就可以推算出任意时间的主固结剩余沉降及卸载时间。在深圳—香港西部通道填海及地基处理工程中，此方法应用效果较好。     

层状地基中桩的轴向静载沉降特性

采用双折线荷载传递函数,根据桩在竖向静载下的荷载分布与传递规律,运用功的互等定律,导出了一组确定层状地基中桩的轴向荷载沉降曲线的解析简化递推算式,可根据桩侧介质的分布情况和桩的形状对桩进行沉降分析模拟,能较精确确定桩的轴向静载沉降曲线,同时推导了桩顶刚度系数的迭代公式,以此为基础可确定桩的承载力。结合运用实例进行了论证,说明了方法的有效性和正确性。     

Spatial Pattern of Rural Settlements in the Upper Reaches of the Minjiang River——a Case Study in Maoxian County, Sichuan

A quantitative analysis of the spatial pattern of rural settlements in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River was made with the major data sources being the relevant ETM image and the national geographical database of China (including contour line, river and road) at the scale of 1:250 000, and using image interpretation and field investigation to obtain spatial information on rural settlements. The results of the spatial analysis technique of GIS and correlation analysis showed that most settlements (78.2 %) were located in the mountain area at 1500 ~ 2700 m altitude, and almost half in the arid valley area. More than 80.0 % of settlements had their slopes above 15°. Most settlements had good access to water resources, roads and communications, and tended to cluster close to the road network rather than the river. About half of the rural settlements in the study area were relatively concentrated, while the others were decentralized. Those with higher altitude usually had land with steep slope, inconvenient water and road accesses, and were located far apart from each other. In view of such a situation, further research should be done to make reasonablecountermeasures on these settlements for better living conditions and ecosystem stability.     

Occupational paths towards commercial agriculture: The key roles of farm pluriactivity and the commons

In South Africa, “black” and “coloured” farmers engaged in several occupational activities are often considered as being “not interested in farming” or “not serious”. However, in Namaqualand the large majority of “coloured” farmers and especially the most successful ones are pluriactive and have off-farm incomes. Investigations were therefore carried out in that region to better understand the role of pluriactivity. Observations focus on middle-income households from the mining sector entering into small-scale commercial farming. Based on surveys in both non-farm and farm sectors, the results show that, for many households, access to sufficient farm assets depends strongly on the employment situation of the sector of origin and requires a level of investment which can be reached only progressively. This obliges these households to rely on off-farm incomes and communal land at least during the early transitional stage. These results stress the importance of taking into account the diversity of paths and of differentiating the various stages in the transitional period between two occupational activities. Finally, the paper emphasises the importance of taking these specific situations into consideration in the management of the commons.     

Tracking the Settlement of North African Immigrants: speculations on the social and cultural impacts of a newly arrived immigrant group

In the past five years Australia has experienced a dramatic increase in the number of North African arrivals. The majority of North African arrivals for the past 4 years have arrived as humanitarian entrants. This migration stream reflected a shift in the regional focus of the humanitarian program towards Africa. The majority of North African arrivals since 2000–01 have been from Sudan. The States of New South Wales and Victoria received the highest proportions of these arrivals. Key issues, and important research topics for social scientists, are at least threefold. First, the domestic politics and international geopolitics of this humanitarian flow need critical analysis. Second, the suitability of settlement services needs to be assessed. Specifically, the effects and merit of privatising service provision to these refugees requires rigorous scholarly assessment. Finally, more needs to be known about the cultural adaptation of this group, especially youth. Research into the experiences of racism and, relatedly, the existence and appropriateness of anti-racism initiatives is required.     

地铁隧道施工引起地层位移规律的探讨

目前对城市隧道开挖所引起的地表以下地层的位移规律的认识还很不充分，长期以来只有定性地认识。英国学者Mair等人（1993年）根据在黏土中的有限实测资料，基于预测地表位移的Peck公式，考虑了沉降槽宽度随深度变化，从而提出了地表以下的位移计算公式。他们的研究成果被广泛引用，但是由于其仅适用于黏性土，且假定地表处沉降槽宽度参数为0.5，因此在应用上受到很大的限制。在Mair公式的基础上，着重讨论了沉降槽宽度参数随地层深度的变化趋势，并提出了修正计算公式，不仅可以考虑地表沉降槽宽度参数与0.5相差较大的情况，还适用于砂类土地层，因此比Mair公式具有更广泛的适用性。     

安徽省人居环境空间差异分析

当今世界,随着城市化、工业化的高度发展,人们的生活水平不断提高,但一系列环境问题也随之出现并严重威胁着人类的健康和生存.人居环境的建设逐步成为学术界关注的焦点与重点领域之一.笔者选取安徽省13个城市,利用主成分分析和聚类分析的方法对安徽省的人居环境进行评价,建立了人居环境综合评价指标体系.经过分析,将13个城市分为4个类型,最后根据问题提出对策.