含油含醇污泥脱水性能分析与应用

在气田开采、集输过程中产生的含油含醇污泥成分复杂,直接排放将导致周围环境污染.为减少有害污泥排放,改善处理工艺流程,以陕北某气田含油含醇污泥为样品,实验测定组分与粒度分布,分析分离效果差的原因;通过浓缩沉降实验研究含油含醇污泥脱水性能,筛选有效絮凝剂,确定最佳复配方案及投加剂量.实验结果表明:以质量浓度分别为500mg/L的PAC与40mg/L的SC-3为配方的复合絮凝剂具有良好的污泥脱水性能,浓缩沉降处理后含油含醇污泥体积缩小、含水率下降,且处理时间缩短.现场应用结果表明:文中配方可有效改善处理工艺流程,对保护气田环境起到良好作用.     

0.1GPa块状榴辉岩脱水部分熔融:局部熔融体系和温度的影响

选取了湖北英山东冲河含有含水矿物黑云母和角闪石的退变质榴辉岩块状样品, 在0.1 GPa的恒压下, 分别进行了750、800、850、900℃四个温阶、恒温加热4 h的开放体系的脱水部分熔融实验.熔融从含水矿物的脱水暗化开始, 850℃时出现玻璃质熔体.镜下观察显示, 熔体主要分布在后成合晶边界、熔融程度最高的样品顶端、石英颗粒边界及裂隙内部这3个局部熔融体系内.受局部体系内部物质组成的控制, 同一温阶、不同体系内的熔体成分变化很大, 呈基性、中性和酸性.随着温度的升高, 同一体系内的熔体成分均向酸性方向演化.该实验结果表明, 恒压下局部熔融体系内物质组成的不同和温度的变化是影响熔体成分的2个重要因素, 这为理解榴辉岩块状样品的脱水部分熔融行为及与其他基性变质岩类的熔融行为进行对比提供了实验依据.      

高静载条件下受频繁动力扰动时蛇纹岩动力学特性研究

基于改进的分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）岩石动静组合加载试验系统,进行了在不同静力轴压条件下受频繁动力扰动作用的动力学试验,研究蛇纹岩在高静载下受频繁冲击扰动过程中的动态变形特性、动态峰值应力和应变、能量变化规律和岩石破坏模式等动力学特性。研究结果表明：高静载条件下受频繁冲击扰动作用时,在动态峰值应力前,动态应力与应变呈正相关关系,而在动态峰值应力后,出现变形回弹和不回弹两种现象;随着动力扰动次数的增加,岩石动态峰值应力减小、动态峰值应变增大、动态变形模量减小、岩石由释放能量向吸收能量方向转化;随着预加静力轴压的增大,单次冲击过程中岩石损伤加剧,岩石破坏需要的扰动冲击次数减少,同时岩石由拉伸破坏模式向压剪破坏模式转变,破坏块度由小变大、均匀度降低。试验结果对揭示深部岩体承受高地应力和频繁开挖爆破等动力扰动作用下的破坏机制具有重要意义,同时为工程实际中通过调整围岩静应力状态和爆破以提高围岩长期稳定性的可行性提供了室内试验支持。     

干燥脱水过程中纤维加筋固化淤泥的强度特性

淤泥是一种天然含水率高且力学性质极差的固体废弃物,采取有效的技术方法进行快速脱水和增强可以实现淤泥资源化和高效利用。选取离散短丝聚丙烯纤维作为加筋材料,水泥和粉煤灰作为固化材料,通过开展无侧限抗压试验,研究了纤维加筋固化淤泥在干燥路径中强度的变化,并分析了干燥过程中不同目标含水率状态(分别为45%,40%,35%,30%,25%,20%,15%,10%和5%)和纤维掺量(0~0.8%)对加筋固化淤泥强度的影响机理。结果表明:①纤维的加入能有效提高固化淤泥的峰值强度和残余强度,且强度值随纤维掺量的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,最优纤维掺量为0.1%;②干燥脱水过程中,试样的无侧限抗压强度随含水率的减小近似于线性增加,破坏形式由塑性破坏逐渐向脆性破坏过渡,而纤维的加入可以有效抑制试样的脆性破坏,提升试样的韧性;③纤维加筋对固化淤泥强度的贡献随含水率的减小而逐渐增加,根本原因是纤维—淤泥界面作用力在低含水率条件下能得到更佳的激发。     

山东泰山玉矿地质特征

泰山玉产于山东省泰安市泰山山麓,属蛇纹岩质玉石,形成于新太古代五台期,距今约26亿年。玉石呈墨色、浅绿-墨绿色,致密块状,质地细腻温润,油脂光泽,不透明-半透明,硬度4．8～5．5。根据玉石的颜色、杂质成分、显微结构等特征可分为泰山墨玉、泰山碧玉和泰山翠斑玉3类。泰山玉矿床是由富镁超基性岩受高温气体液体作用变质而成,属变质超基性岩浆矿床。     

淡色花岗岩的岩石学和地球化学特征及其成因

淡色花岗岩(leucogranite)是一类高铝高硅碱的酸性侵入岩,主要地球化学特征是:SiO2≥72%,Al2O3≥14%,Na2O+K2O~8.5%,富Rb,亏损Th、Ba、Sr,稀土总量较一般花岗岩低(∑REE=(40~120)×10-6),且表现为中等分异的轻稀土弱富集型,一般具有Eu负异常;Sr-Nd-Pb-O同位素指示其岩浆明显的陆壳来源。淡色花岗岩主要发育于陆壳(俯冲)碰撞加厚带,由逆冲折返的俯冲板片变沉积岩部分经过脱水熔融产生。淡色花岗岩可划分为三种不同的岩石类型:(1)二云母型淡色花岗岩,由变泥质岩(或变硬砂岩)在中地壳水平经黑云母(和/或白云母)脱水熔融产生;(2)电气石型淡色花岗岩,由变泥质岩在较低温度下经白云母脱水熔融产生;(3)石榴子石型淡色花岗岩,由长英质下地壳经黑云母脱水熔融产生。源区残留独居石、磷灰石等富REE矿物是淡色花岗岩亏损REE、Th等元素的原因。源岩为变泥质岩及源区残留钾长石是淡色花岗岩亏损Sr、Ba的主要原因。     

水镁石的低温化学合成及其矿物学研究

在低温条件下应用氯化镁法、氧化铁法和氮化镁法三种不同化学方法合成了水镁石矿物,并对其进行了X射线衍射、扫描电镜和热分析研究。结果表明,三种不同方法合成的水镁石矿物的X射线衍射谱各有特点,对水镁石形貌的扫描电镜观察发现：氮化镁法合成产物呈六方板状;氧化镁法合成产物呈大的片状聚集体,但颗粒很小;氯化镁法合成产物多呈不规则粒状聚集体,粒度比较均匀。显然水镁石的形态受合成方法和条件的影响,特别氮化镁法合成的水镁石形状与温度有关,温度越高形状越复杂。差热和热重分析表明,氯化镁法合成水镁石的分解脱水特征温度比氧化镁法和氮化镁法合成水镁石的要低50℃左右,这可能与矿物颗粒的大小和形状有关。对这些合成水镁石的矿物学研究不仅具有材料科学意义,而且为研究天然水镁石成因和性质提供了实验室证据。     

Strength Characteristics of Fiber Reinforced Solidified Sludge During Drying

Sludge is a kind of solid waste with high natural moisture content and extremely poor mechanical properties. Adopting effective technical methods for rapid dewatering and increasing strength is an important prerequisite for realizing the utilization and efficient utilization of sludge resources. In this paper, discrete short-staple polypropylene fiber was selected as the reinforced material, cement and fly ash were used as the solidified materials. The unconfined compression test was carried out to study the strength change of the fiber reinforced solidified sludge in the drying path, and the drying was analyzed. The influence mechanism of different target moisture content states(5 \mathrm{\%} ~45 \mathrm{\%} ) and fiber content(0~0.8 \mathrm{\%} ) on the strength of reinforced solidified sludge during the process. The results show that: \mathrm{①} The addition of fiber can effectively improve the peak strength and residual strength of solidified sludge, and the strength value increases first and then decreases with the increase of fiber content, and the optimal fiber content is 0.1 \mathrm{\%} . \mathrm{②} During the drying process, the sample of the unconfined compressive strength increases with the decrease of the moisture content of approximate to linear, and the damage form by the plastic damage to brittle fracture transition gradually, and the addition of fibers can effectively restrain the brittle failure sample, enhance the toughness of specimen. \mathrm{③} The contribution of fiber reinforcement to the strength of solidified sludge increases gradually with the decrease of moisture content, and the root cause is that the fiber-sludge interface force can be better excited under the condition of low moisture content.     

Shear‐rate‐dependent strength control on the dynamics of rainfall‐triggered landslides,Tokushima Prefecture,Japan

A typhoon (Typhoon No. 10) attacked Shikoku Island and the Tyugoku area of Japan in 2004. This typhoon produced a new daily precipitation record of 1317 mm on Shikoku Island and triggered hundreds of landslides in Tokushima Prefecture. One catastrophic landslide was triggered in the Shiraishi area of Kisawa village, and destroyed more than 10 houses while also leaving an unstable block high on the slope. The unstable block kept moving after the event, showing accelerating and decelerating movement during and after rainfall and reaching a displacement of several meters before countermeasures were put into place. To examine the mechanism for this landsliding characteristic, samples (weathered serpentinite) were taken from the field, and their shear behaviours examined using ring shear tests. The test results revealed that the residual shear strength of the samples is positively dependent on the shear rate, which may provide an explanation for the continuous accelerating–decelerating process of the landsliding. The roughness of the shear surface and the microstructure of the shear zone were measured and observed by laser microscope and SEM techniques in an attempt to clarify the mechanism of shear rate effect on the residual shear strength. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.