大别山南部天然碳硅石

根据1975年的矿点检查报告,在大别山南部董家山蛇纹岩体的人工重砂和岩石薄片中,发现确有天然碳硅石存在。大部分碳硅石单晶为六方板状,一部分为不规则形,最大粒径450μm×100μm,一般250μm×150μm。薄片中的粒径较小。单晶的拉曼光谱位移峰值稳定,薄片中碳硅石的拉曼位移峰也都在误差范围内。单晶以二轴晶(+)为主,部分为一轴晶(+),薄片中晶体几乎都为二轴晶(+)。虽然天然碳硅石可以产出于任何岩石中,但是原位的天然碳硅石只见于陨石和金伯利岩中,本文发现的很可能是首例地球蛇纹岩中的原位天然碳硅石。天然碳硅石与人工合成的碳化硅在结晶行为、光学性质和红外光谱方面有明显不同,成分也有差异,但拉曼光谱虽有差别却不明显。由于碳硅石与金刚石有类似的四面体方向sp3异化键和相同的滑动面,可能有类似的变形条件。根据碳硅石有晶内变形,推测其形成于≥300km的深度,这对认识大别山南部构造演化有重要意义。     

大别山南部蛇纹岩碳硅石研究

在大别山南部亭子岭、古山、虎形等蛇纹岩中发现碳硅石,粒径0.02~0.08mm,少数可达0.1~0.17mm,晶体有一轴晶（+）和二轴晶（+）（2V=37°）,后者较发育,有较明显的二轴晶化。拉幔光谱峰值稳定,主峰788~789cm-1次峰968~972cm-1,弱峰767~784cm-1,个别样品产生较大偏移,主峰776.85cm-1,次峰964.82cm-1,可能为因其他微量元素的加入,结构发生改变所致。能谱分析显示,碳硅石混入较多杂质,其中最明显的O、Fe、Ca、K、Ni、Ti、S、Cl、Na等元素可能对结构产生一定的影响。从而也揭示了早期结晶的温度较高,杂质也较多。此外,碳硅石中见有流体包裹体,成分为CH4、C2H6、C3H8、C6H6、H2O等,产生碳硅石的蛇纹岩为大陆幔源岩石在上侵过程中,高温下差异性应变形成二轴晶化。根据实验资料,SiC形成温度为1600℃以上,压力大于等于6.0Gpa,应为在下地壳上地幔软流圈极端还原条件下产生的。     

Modeling concrete exposed to high temperature: Impact of dehydration and retention curves on moisture migration

High‐performance concrete is a widely used building material for tunnels, high‐rise buildings, nuclear plants etc. When these structures are exposed to fire, high‐performance concrete is prone to spalling. Moisture migration is believed to be one of the processes directly related to this phenomenon. In this paper, moisture profiles measured experimentally from neutron radiography on heated concrete are compared with results from a numerical model implemented in the finite element code Cast3M. The water loss measured experimentally, and the numerical results suggest that the commonly used constitutive laws for dehydration and water retention curves need to be reconsidered. The influence of these constitutive laws on the moisture migration is investigated. The dehydration constitutive law plays an important role on the dehydration front but has negligible effect on the moisture accumulation behind this front. By contrast, the water retention curves do not influence the dehydration front but affect the quantity and location of water condensation. The role of the permeability is also discussed.     

Mineral equilibria constraints on open‐system melting in metamafic compositions

The recent development of activity–composition relations for mineral and melt phases in high‐grade metamafic rocks allows mineral equilibria tools to be used to further aid our understanding of partial melting and the mineralogical consequences of melt segregation in these rocks. We show that bulk compositional data from natural amphibolites cover a wide compositional range, with particular variability in the content and ratios of Ca, Na and K indicating that low‐grade metasomatic alteration can substantially alter the igneous protolith chemistry and potentially affect the volume and composition of melt generated. Mineral equilibria calculations for five samples that span the compositional variability in our data set indicate that melting occurs primarily via the fluid‐absent breakdown of amphibole+quartz to produce a pressure‐sensitive peritectic assemblage of augite, orthopyroxene and/or garnet. The introduction of orthopyroxene at the onset of the amphibolite‐to‐granulite‐facies transition at lower pressure results in an increased rate of melt production until quartz is typically exhausted, and this is similarly seen for the introduction of garnet at higher pressure. Calculated melt compositions are dependent on the protolith composition, but initial solidus melting and biotite breakdown produce 1–3 mol.% of K‐rich granitic melts. As hornblende melting proceeds, 15–20 vol.% of either more granodioritic‐to‐tonalitic or granodioritic‐to‐trondhjemitic melt is produced. Once quartz is exhausted, intermediate to mafic melt compositions are produced at ultrahigh‐temperature conditions. Quartz‐rich lithologies with high Ca coupled to low Na and K are the most fertile under orogenic conditions, yielding up to 25 mol.% of sub‐alkalic granitic melt by 850°C. Such rocks did not experience significant subsolidus alteration. Altered compositions with low Ca and elevated Na and K are not as fertile, yielding less than 15 mol.% of alkalic granitic melt by 850°C. These melt volumes are enough to be segregated, and can make a contribution to granite magmatism and intracrustal differentiation that should not be overlooked.     

内蒙古曹四夭钼矿复杂地层深孔钻探技术

针对内蒙古兴和县曹四夭钼矿区构造发育,地层坚硬、岩心破碎,以及钻孔缩径、漏失、坍塌、掉块等复杂情况,总结了该矿区“硬、脆、碎”复杂地层绳索取心深孔钻探施工技术经验,从钻孔结构、泥浆配置和冲洗液选取以及钻探设备、新型SYZX75 2（77）型绳索取心液动锤钻具等方面采取措施,解决了破碎漏失、坍塌掉块及坚硬“打滑”地层的难题。着重阐述了高强度快失水堵漏技术试验,改善了复杂地层的深孔钻进环境,提高了钻探生产效率,保证了钻孔的安全终孔。     

Pyropia yezoensis can utilize CO2 in the air during moderate dehydration

Pyropia yezoensis,an intertidal seaweed,experiences regular dehydration and rehydration with the tides.In this study,the responses of P.yezoensis to dehydration and rehydration under high and low CO 2 concentrations((600–700)×10-6 and(40–80)×10-6,named Group I and Group II respectively)were investigated.The thalli of Group I had a signifi cantly higher effective photosystem II quantum yield than the thalli of Group II at 71% absolute water content(AWC).There was little difference between thalli morphology,total Rubisco activity and total protein content at 100% and 71% AWC,which might be the basis for the normal performance of photosynthesis during moderate dehydration.A higher effective photosystem I quantum yield was observed in the thalli subjected to a low CO 2 concentration during moderate dehydration,which might be caused by the enhancement of cyclic electron fl ow.These results suggested that P.yezoensis can directly utilize CO 2 in ambient air during moderate dehydration.     

蛇纹石化碱性橄榄石玄武岩、水和氢氧化钠溶液的高温高压实验研究

蛇纹石化碱性橄榄石玄武岩、水和氢氧化钠溶液的高温高压实验研究宋茂双（中国科学院地球化学研究所，贵阳５５０００２）关键词高温高压碱性玄武岩Ｐ波速度熔融－结晶蛇纹石脱水温度作者测量了高温高压下蛇纹石化碱性橄榄玄武岩的Ｐ波速度、蛇纹石脱水温度和Ｈ２Ｏ及Ｎａ...     

Partial dehydration of brucite and its implications for water distribution in the subducting oceanic slab

Hydrous minerals within the subducting oceanic slab are important hosts for water. Clarification of the stability field of hydrous minerals helps to understand transport and distribution of water from the surface to the Earth’s interior. We investigated the stability of brucite, a prototype of hydrous minerals, by means of electrical conductivity measurements in both open and closed systems at 3 GPa and temperatures up to 1300 K. Dramatic increase of conductivity in association with characteristic impedance spectra suggests that partial dehydration of single-crystal brucite in the open system with a low water fugacity occurs at 950 K, which is about 300 K lower than those previously defined by phase equilibrium experiments in the closed system. By contrast, brucite completely dehydrates at 1300 K in the closed system, consistent with previous studies. Partial dehydration may generate a highly defective structure but does not lead to the breakdown of brucite to periclase and water immediately. Water activity plays a key role in the stability of hydrous minerals. Low water activity (aH₂O) caused by the high wetting behavior of the subducted oceanic slab at the transition zone depth may cause the partial dehydration of the dense hydrous magnesium silicates (DHMSs), which significantly reduces the temperature stability of DHMS (this mechanism has been confirmed by previous study on super hydrous phase B). As a result, the transition zone may serve as a ‘dead zone’ for DHMSs, and most water will be stored in wadsleyite and ringwoodite in the transition zone.