有关蛇绿岩研究的一些新进展

本文扼要介绍有关蛇绿岩的形成环境、成因类型划分及有关上地幔岩变形特征方面的新成果。     

大别山花岗质岩浆的形成:胶水或含自由水体系的熔融——以天堂寨和九资河花岗岩为例

本文以北大别地块中典型燕山期花岗岩——天堂寨、九资河花岗岩为例,研究了其黑云母、角闪石的矿物成分及岩石包体特征;并结合当前有关脱水熔融和含自由水体系的熔融实验岩石学成果,对花岗质岩浆的形成方式进行了讨论,认为天堂寨、九资河花岗岩是由含自由水体系的熔融作用形成的,含水流体的主要来源可能为南大别地块。     

蒙脱石脱水作用与地面沉降关系的研究展望

粘土矿物在地面沉降中的作用、粘土矿物的脱水作用对地面沉降的影响等日益成为评价和防治地质、工程、水文、环境等问题的关键,也一直是相关领域的研究难题而逐渐引起高度重视。本文回顾了蒙脱石层间水性质、层间水化膨胀和脱水收缩的影响因素,提出蒙脱石层间的固溶体特征,在总结蒙脱石脱水作用与地面沉降关系研究成果的基础上,提出了用蒙脱石脱水作用研究地面沉降的思路。最后讨论了用蒙脱石的脱水作用研究地面滞后沉降及沉降趋势预测的可能性。     

硅藻土中水的NMR研究

本文用ＮＭＲ技术研究硅藻土中水的存在状态和特征及灼烧条件下的脱水和室温大气下的重吸水过程。样品包括一个宝石级单矿物蛋白石和采自雷州半岛地区的海康卜昌和徐闻九亩的硅藻土地表样和它们经不同温度自理后的产物。     

高温高压下含水矿物脱水对斜长岩纵波速度的影响

在1GPa、室温至880℃条件下对斜长岩的纵波速度进行了测量，并对实验产物进行了鉴定分析，讨论了含水矿物脱水对岩石纵波速度的影响。实验结果表明，在680℃左右，由于斜长岩中的含水矿物绢云母和黝帘石开始脱水，矿物脱水产生的流体及其所引起岩石结构的变化可使岩石纵波速度降低10％左右。这意味着通过矿物脱水这一机制可以形成壳内低速层。     

Metamorphic veining and mass transfer in a chemically closed system: a case study in Alpine metabauxites (western Vanoise)

In western Vanoise (French Alps), karstic pockets of Triassic‐to‐Jurassic metabauxites embedded in carbonate rocks and containing several generations of metamorphic veins were studied. During blueschist facies metamorphism, a cumulative amount of ～13 vol% of water is inferred to have been produced locally by successive dehydration reactions, and part of this fluid remained in the bauxitic lenses during most of the metamorphic cycle. Field and geochemical evidence show that these rocks have been isolated from large‐scale fluid flow (closed‐system behaviour). It is proposed that the internally derived fluid has promoted the opening of fluid‐filled open spaces (as attested by the euhedral habits of vein minerals) and served as medium for mass transfer from rock to vein. Indeed, the vein infill is obviously the result of chemical interactions, at the millimetre‐to‐centimetre scale, between the rock minerals and the locally produced aqueous fluid. Two vein types can be distinguished based on mineralogical and textural features: (i) some veins are filled with newly formed products of either prograde (chloritoid) or retrograde (chlorite) metamorphic reactions; in this case, fluid‐filled open spaces seem to offer energetically favourable nucleation/growth sites; (ii) the second vein type is infilled with cookeite or pyrophyllite, that were present in the host rock prior to the vein formation. In this closed chemical system, the components for the vein infill minerals have been transferred from rock to vein through the fluid, in a dissolution–transport–precipitation process, possibly stress‐assisted. These different vein generations all contain Al‐rich mineral infills, suggesting that Al was a mobile element (cm scale) during metamorphism. In these HP rocks, fluid flow may have been restricted, and if so mass transfer occurred by diffusion in an almost stagnant fluid. Metamorphic veins can be seen as witnesses of fluid and mass redistribution that partly accommodate the rock deformation (lateral segregation).     

Muscovite dehydration melting: Reaction mechanisms,microstructures, and implications for anatexis

Dehydration melting of muscovite in metasedimentary sequences is the initially dominant mechanism of granitic melt generation in orogenic hinterlands. In dry (vapour-absent) crust, muscovite reacts with quartz to produce K-feldspar, sillimanite, and monzogranitic melt. When water vapour is present in excess, sillimanite and melt are the primary products of muscovite breakdown, and any K-feldspar produced is due to melt crystallization. Here we document the reaction mechanisms that control nucleation and growth of K-feldspar, sillimanite, and silicate melt in the metamorphic core of the Himalaya, and outline the microstructural criteria used to distinguish peritectic K-feldspar from K-feldspar grains formed during melt crystallization. We have characterized four stages of microstructural evolution in selected psammitic and pelitic samples from the Langtang and Everest regions: (a) K-feldspar nucleates epitaxially on plagioclase while intergrowths of fibrolitic sillimanite and the remaining hydrous melt components replace muscovite. (b) In quartzofeldspathic domains, K-feldspar replaces plagioclase by K⁺–Na⁺ cation exchange, while melt and intergrowths of sillimanite+quartz form in the aluminous domains. (c) At 7–8 vol.% melt generation, the system evolves from a closed to open system and all phases coarsen by up to two orders of magnitude, resulting in large K-feldspar porphyroblasts. (d) Preferential crystallization of residual melt on K-feldspar porphyroblasts and coarsened quartz forms an augen gneiss texture with a monzogranitic-tonalitic matrix that contains intergrowths of sillimanite+tourmaline+muscovite+apatite. Initial poikiloblasts of peritectic K-feldspar trap fine-grained inclusions of quartz and biotite by replacement growth of matrix plagioclase. During subsequent coarsening, peritectic K-feldspar grains overgrow and trap fabric-aligned biotite, resulting in a core to rim coarsening of inclusion size. These microstructural criteria enable a mass balance of peritectic K-feldspar and sillimanite to constrain the amount of free H₂O present during muscovite dehydration. The resulting modal proportion of K-feldspar in the Himalayan metamorphic core requires vapour-absent conditions during muscovite dehydration melting and leucogranite formation, indicating that the generation of large volumes of granitic melts in orogenic belts is not necessarily contingent on an external source of fluids.     

单点击实法击实试验研究

在国内现行的各类土工试验规程中,5点击实法是最基本的土工击实试验方法,具有用土量大、费时、费力,而且试验数据处理麻烦等缺陷。为了克服这些缺陷,采用静压脱湿试验法,对人工配制含水率,而且含水率高于该土的塑限含水率的不同土样进行脱湿。试验结果表明：各土样脱湿后的含水率具有稳定在标准击实功下该土最优含水率以下某一稳定水平的特点。由此提出：可将需要击实的土样先脱湿,得出土样脱湿后的含水率,再乘以有关系数求得土的最优含水率,直接对最优含水率下的土体进行标准击实功单点击实,从而快速准确地获得该土的最优含水率和最大干密度。通过对比试验验证,单点击实法不但简单、快速,而且具有足够的可靠性。     

Petrogenesis of the Tanzawa plutonic complex, central Japan: Exposed felsic middle crust of the Izu–Bonin – Mariana arc

The Miocene Tanzawa plutonic complex, consisting mainly of tonalite intrusions, is exposed at the northern end of the Izu–Bonin – Mariana (IBM) arc system as a consequence of collision with the Honshu Arc. The Tanzawa plutonic rocks belong to the calc-alkaline series and exhibit a wide range of chemical variation, from 43 to 75 wt% SiO₂. They are characterized by relatively high Ba/Rb and Ce/Nb ratios, and low abundances of K₂O, LIL elements, and rare earth elements (REE). Their petrographic and geochemical features indicate derivation from an intermediate parental magma through crystal fractionation and accumulation processes, involving hornblende, plagioclase, and magnetite. The Tanzawa plutonic complex is interpreted to be the exposed middle crust of the IBM arc, which was uplifted during the collision. The mass balance calculations, combining data from melting experiments of hydrous basaltic compositions at lower-to-middle crustal levels, suggest that parental magma and ultramafic restite were generated by dehydration partial melting (∼ 45% melting) of amphibolite chemically similar to low-K tholeiitic basalt. Partial melting of hydrated mafic lower crust might play an important role in felsic middle-crust formation in the IBM arc.