汶川地震断裂带科学钻探项目WFSD-3孔泥浆技术的设计与应用

汶川科钻WFSD-3孔钻遇地层极其复杂,硬脆碎地层与强水敏性等地层交替出现,给钻进施工带来极大安全隐患。针对该孔特殊地层情况,以孔壁稳定性理论分析为指导,在室内实验研究的基础上,优选出NH4-HPAN、K—PAM、SAS和KHm等抑制剂组成的泥浆体系配方,并结合室内FA无渗透实验以及ZNP-01页岩膨胀性实验对该泥浆配方进行封堵性和抑制性评价,提出了新型泥浆体系,并得以良好应用。还对现场应用遇到的泥浆粘度与切力控制、钻头防泥包技术以及钻水泥塞钙侵处理技术等进行归纳总结,对复杂地层钻进施工具有较好的借鉴意义。     

大陆科学深孔取心钻进技术述评

文章介绍了目前世界上大陆科学深钻项目中采用的典型的取心钻进技术及其应用效果,提出了评价科学深钻取心技术的准则,即施工安全性、取心效果、施工效率和施工成本。根据这些准则对目前世界上主要的科学深钻取心技术进行了评价并得出结论：孔底马达/液动锤/金刚石钻进/提钻取心方法是最好的深孔取心钻进方法。     

基于状态矩阵卡尔曼滤波的姿态估计算法研究

设计一种组合GPS／速率陀螺定姿系统。系统以方向余弦矩阵表示姿态,建立GPS／速率陀螺组合状态模型和观测模型。结合kalman滤波算法,提出一种状态矩阵卡尔曼滤波（StateMatrixKalmanKilter,SMKF）姿态估计算法,并采用拉格朗日算法对姿态矩阵进行正交化约束。与传统的基于四元数的扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）算法相比,基于方向余弦矩阵的姿态系统状态方程与测量方程均为线性方程,无需线性化处理,对初始姿态误差更具有较好的鲁棒性。数值仿真表明,该方法具有精度高和稳定性强等优点。     

“Playing the game”, identity and perception-of-the-other in water cooperation in the Jordan River Basin

ABSTRACT

The concept of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) has enjoyed immense popularity and thus has been the preferred approach for river basin management. IWRM generally has a strong focus on rational choice, based on a technocratic conceptual interpretation of the conventional hydrological cycle. However, uncritical acceptance of IWRM runs the risk of blinding policy makers and academics for the defining impact of context, socio-cultural, political, historical and cognitive dimensions in water cooperation. Human behaviour in water cooperation was tested and observed during eight experiments with the Jordan River Basin Boardgame Exercise (JRBBE) played with respondent groups from inside and outside the Jordan River Basin. The experiments consisted of one control group outside the basin and seven respondent groups both outside and inside the basin. This article argues that the role of identities, beliefs and perception-of-the-other, should be taken more into account in order to develop successful and socio-political sustainable river basin management.

EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis; ASSOCIATE EDITOR not assigned     

发展山地学之我见

山地学尚处于发展之初．宜将其定为以地理学为第一母体学科、自然－人文科学结合、兼含通用原理与方法论的多母体边缘交叉学科．其在多维知识结构的山地科学体系中处于“知识层次维”的基础理论位置，据此初拟出山地学至少应包含五个方面的知识．     

NASA未来25年固体地球科学规划及其启示

美国国家航空与航天局固体地球科学工作组2002年提出了未来25年“固体地球科学整体规划建议”。地球表面总是在变化着，理解这些变化即是一项深刻的科学挑战。高速发展的空间观测技术，使得在行星表面变化特征的表述、监测与预报方面的能力获得革命性飞跃。研究应该以自然灾害的近期预测为目标。如地震，火山爆发及山崩等。整体规划建议包括：科学挑战问题、观测战略、核心研究项目、信息系统、技术发展以及当前(1～5年)、近期(5～10年)和长期(10～25年)目标。     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESORT LIFE CYCLE AND RESIDENTS' PERCEPTION AND ATTITUDE——A Case Study of Putuo Mountain

Residents'perception and attitude towards tourism are essential to the resort development. It has become the important fields of study in foreign tourism geography and tourism sociology, whose research has produced some satisfactory results (DOGAN, 1989; JOHN and JOHN, 1993; BRUNT etal., 1999; ELIZABETH and BILL, 2000; DAVID and LAURA, 2001). Recently, related research in China has been under way. The life cycle, as the basic evolving law of resort, has also at-tracted much at…     

Tephrabase: tephrochronology and the development of a centralised European database

Tephrabase was launched on the World Wide Web in 1995 as a tool for tephrochronological research. In order to facilitate the identification, correlation and dating of tephra deposits, this database may be interrogated through multiple routes, including by source volcano, date, location, and tephra chemistry; datasets include stratigraphy, geochemistry, chronology and spatial information. Currently all the European data refer to Late Quaternary Icelandic‐sourced tephras, post‐12 k yr BP. The sites (62) where the tephra deposits are found include Iceland, the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Faroe Islands, Sweden and Russia. In addition, there are also data on tephra layers in central Mexico. Use of Tephrabase highlights the importance of selected geochemical data, but this has to be used with care as major element characteristics alone do not always produce unique definitions for single tephra deposits. For the most accurate results multiple criteria must be used. Tephrabase can be found at http://www.tephrabase.org . Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

上海天文台2003年度的科研工作

简要回顾了上海天文台在 2 0 0 3年的科研工作情况。     

基于Partial-EIV模型的TLS姿态估计方法

推导了基于乘性姿态角误差的观测方程,顾及其系数矩阵也含有误差的特点提出一种利用整体最小二乘原理估计姿态参数的新思路。该问题的系数矩阵中同时存在随机元素和固定元素且存在结构性特征,故引入Partial-EIV模型,设计了一种符合其系数矩阵结构特点的新模型。最后通过两组仿真实验将其与已有姿态估计方法进行对比,得出结论:基于Partial-EIV模型的整体最小二乘解法解算精度高于常规最小二乘法;其解算效果与基于乘性姿态角误差的最小二乘法基本一致。表明本文提出的方法正确有效。