松科一井(主井)钻探工程技术配套

设计井深1810 m、完钻井径157 mm、需在松辽湖盆穿透一层含油气构造的松科一井(主井)科学钻探工程,采取自制底架提升平台高度安装井口防喷设施、改造TJS-2000E型水井钻机升降系统提高设备起重能力、研制水力出心装置克服加长加重大口径钻具出心困难、引进石油钻井高速离心除泥机控制泥浆固相含量、根据工程条件无附件焊接套管表层固井等配套技术,成功地完成了国家“973计划”项目“白垩纪地球表层系统重大地质事件与温室气候变化”对工程的规定任务,为高质量、低成本实施大陆环境科学钻探工程探索出了一条可行之路。     

A cyber-enabled spatial decision support system to inventory Mangroves in Mozambique: coupling scientific workflows and cloud computing

Mangroves are an important terrestrial carbon reservoir with numerous ecosystem services. Yet, it is difficult to inventory mangroves because of their low accessibility. A sampling approach that produces accurate assessment while maximizing logistical integrity of inventory operation is often required. Spatial decision support systems (SDSSs) provide support for integrating such a sampling design of fieldwork with operational considerations and evaluation of alternative scenarios. However, this fieldwork design driven by SDSS is often computationally intensive and repetitive. In this study, we develop a cyber-enabled SDSS framework to facilitate the computationally challenging fieldwork design that requires the efficacious selection of base camps and plots for the inventory of mangroves. Our study area is the Zambezi River Delta, Mozambique. Cyber-enabled capabilities, including scientific workflows and cloud computing, are integrated with the SDSS. Scientific workflows enable the automation of data and modeling tasks in the SDSS. Cloud computing offers on-demand computational support for interoperation among stakeholders for collaborative scenario evaluation for the fieldwork design of mangrove inventory. Further, this framework allows for harnessing high-performance computing capabilities for accelerating the fieldwork design. The cyber-enabled framework provides significant merits in terms of effective coordination among science and logistical teams, assurance of meeting inventory objectives, and an objective basis to collectively and efficaciously evaluate alternative scenarios.     

国际北冰洋地质、地球物理大洋科考进展

受常年海冰限制, 北冰洋科学考察程度远低于其他大洋。系统的北冰洋科学调查始于20世纪90年代, 得益于科考破冰船、潜艇等新型调查设备和手段的使用, 科研人员可以主动选择研究目标和对象, 并成功开展了多次地质与地球物理科学考察, 包括海冰科学探索项目(SCICEX)、北极洋中脊考察航次(AMORE 2001)、加科尔洋中脊热液硫化物考察(AGAVE)、北极钻探航次(IODP 302)等。回顾了北冰洋地质与地球物理科学考察进展, 归纳了主要科学问题: 北冰洋主要地质单元大地构造属性及演化、超慢速扩张洋中脊构造与成矿特征、北冰洋新生代古海洋演化。北冰洋地质与地球物理科学考察进展表明: (1)调查手段是制约北冰洋科考水平的关键因素; (2)破冰船与常规探测手段结合是北冰洋科考的重要发展趋势; (3)近底探测手段有助于解决北冰洋主要地质科学问题。     

基于Partial-EIV模型的TLS姿态估计方法

推导了基于乘性姿态角误差的观测方程,顾及其系数矩阵也含有误差的特点提出一种利用整体最小二乘原理估计姿态参数的新思路。该问题的系数矩阵中同时存在随机元素和固定元素且存在结构性特征,故引入Partial-EIV模型,设计了一种符合其系数矩阵结构特点的新模型。最后通过两组仿真实验将其与已有姿态估计方法进行对比,得出结论:基于Partial-EIV模型的整体最小二乘解法解算精度高于常规最小二乘法;其解算效果与基于乘性姿态角误差的最小二乘法基本一致。表明本文提出的方法正确有效。     

On Multi-Level Thinking and Scientific Understanding

Professor Duzheng YE's name has been familiar to me ever since my postdoctoral years at MIT with Professors Jule CHARNEY and Norman PHILLIPS, back in the late 1960 s. I had the enormous pleasure of meeting Professor YE personally in 1992 in Beijing. His concern to promote the very best science and to use it well, and his thinking on multi-level orderly human activities, reminds me not only of the communication skills we need as scientists but also of the multi-level nature of science itself. Here I want to say something(a) about what science is;(b) about why multi-level thinking—and taking more than one viewpoint—is so important for scientific as well as for other forms of understanding; and(c) about what is meant, at a deep level, by "scientific understanding" and trying to communicate it, not only with lay persons but also across professional disciplines. I hope that Professor YE would approve.     

科学钻探——深化岩石学研究的金钥匙

岩石学的研究对象是岩石,但离开具体的岩石标本是无法进行岩石学研究的,而要开展深入的岩石学研究,仅仅依靠从地表获取的岩石样品是远远不够的,还需要获得来自地球深处的岩石标本,这就只能依靠钻探工程了.科学钻探可以为岩石学研究提供来自地球深部的岩石样品,而开展对这些来自地球深处、携带大量信息的连续岩心进行系统研究,必然会促进岩石学的发展.而岩石学研究成果又能够为钻探施工提供设计依据,同时,深入的岩石学研究对钻探工程提出的要求还能够促进钻探技术的发展.科学的进步离不开技术的支撑,只有充分重视钻探工程才是真正重视地学研究、重视岩石学研究.     

深部探测金川预导孔深孔钻探钻头的应用与分析

在深部探测和科学钻探的施工中,钻头的合理选择和使用是提高深孔硬、脆、碎岩层钻探生产效率的最重要因素之一。针对金川科学钻探深部钻进中的特殊地层岩石进行分析,利用扫描电镜研究钻头中金刚石的分布、包镶和出刃,找出合适的钻头胎体材料和金刚石工艺参数,延长钻头寿命,提高钻探效率。     

汶川地震断裂带科学钻探项目中取心钻进方法应用的演变

介绍了汶川地震断裂带科学钻探项目中深孔取心钻进方法应用的演变过程。从最初设计的螺杆马达-液动锤取心钻进方法变化到顶驱-绳索取心钻进方法,再变化到螺杆马达-液动锤-长半合管取心钻进方法。用于该项目的深孔取心钻进方法经历了一系列变化,促使这些变化发生的原因是地层条件以及取心技术的改进和发展。     

基于状态矩阵卡尔曼滤波的姿态估计算法研究

设计一种组合GPS／速率陀螺定姿系统。系统以方向余弦矩阵表示姿态,建立GPS／速率陀螺组合状态模型和观测模型。结合kalman滤波算法,提出一种状态矩阵卡尔曼滤波（StateMatrixKalmanKilter,SMKF）姿态估计算法,并采用拉格朗日算法对姿态矩阵进行正交化约束。与传统的基于四元数的扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）算法相比,基于方向余弦矩阵的姿态系统状态方程与测量方程均为线性方程,无需线性化处理,对初始姿态误差更具有较好的鲁棒性。数值仿真表明,该方法具有精度高和稳定性强等优点。     

发展山地学之我见

山地学尚处于发展之初．宜将其定为以地理学为第一母体学科、自然－人文科学结合、兼含通用原理与方法论的多母体边缘交叉学科．其在多维知识结构的山地科学体系中处于“知识层次维”的基础理论位置，据此初拟出山地学至少应包含五个方面的知识．