Comparison of Extraction Procedures for Assessing Soil Metal Bioavailability of to Wheat Grains

Agricultural soils have been analyzed to elucidate whether the trace metal distribution changes in relation to agricultural activities and to predict environmental risk. In addition to the extractability of Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in soils was compared by single extraction (hydrochloric acid (HCl), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), calcium chloride (CaCl₂), water (H₂O)), and sequential extraction procedures. The modified Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure (three‐step) used to extraction of metals in soil samples. The extraction capacity of the analyzed metals was found by using single extraction procedures in the order: HCl > EDTA > DTPA > CaCl₂ > H₂O. A single correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationship between extractable metal concentrations in soil solutions and metal accumulation in wheat grains. Simple correlation analyses indicated that the extractable Pb and Ni of soils by HCl, EDTA, and DTPA single extraction procedures were significantly correlated with the metal contents of wheat grains. For CaCl₂, H₂O, and BCR extraction procedures there was a relatively poor correlation between the extractable Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn of soils and metal contents of wheat grains.     

Concentrations and distribution of biogenic barium in surface sediments of Prydz Bay, Antarctica

Concentrations ofbiogenic barium were investigated in surface sediments of Prydz Bay, Antarctica, during the 21st and 27th CHINARE cruises. Factors controlling the observed distribution are explored. Biogenic barium concentrations obtained from a sequential extraction procedure are compared with total concentrations obtained from the normative calculation based on a total digestion, and differences in the results are examined. Concentrations of biogenic barium, calculated by the normative calculation, were much higher than the concentrations obtained through sequential extraction; this discrepancy is the result of the occurrence of barium associated with Mn/Fe oxides, which represents an important component of total barium in these sediments. Concentrations of biogenic barium obtained from the sequential extraction range from 104 to 445 ktg.g1, and the average concentration was 227 p.g.g-~. The highest concentrations of biogenic barium occur in the central area of the bay, where the seawater is more stable, while lower values occur in the bank and the ice shelf. Biogenic barium is significantly linearly correlated with biogenic barium and organic carbon, and similar in distribution of Chl a, which may indicate that primary productivity of phytoplankton in the surface water column is the main environmental factor regulating barium concentration and distribution.     

利用相位平滑伪距和最小二乘曲面函数建立西安市区域电离层延迟模型

利用相位平滑伪距观测值,并采用附有限制条件的序贯最小二乘曲面拟合方法,研究构建了西安区域电离层延迟模型。该模型的内符合平均精度为6.9 cm,外符合平均精度为8.8 cm,通过与全球格网电离层延迟模型计算的电子含量进行对比,并将两种模型进行单频PPP定位测试。结果显示,区域电离层延迟模型的精度明显优于格网电离层延迟模型的精度。     

Sequential injection spectrophotometric determination of nanomolar nitrite in seawater by on-line preconcentration with HLB cartridge

The unstable state of nitrite results in its very low concentration in seawater,which is below the limit of detection(LOD) of conventional techniques of analysis. Some sensitivity-enhanced methods have been proposed for the determination of nitrite at nanomolar level to illustrate the role of nitrite in the marine nitrogen cycle. However,most of previous reports are not widely accepted,because of their complexity and cost equipment or intensive labor requirement. In this study,a simple automatic system for the determination of nanomolar level nitrite using on-line preconcentration with spectrophotometric detection was described. An Oasis HLB cartridge was adopted to quantitatively enrich the pink-colored azo compound,formed from nitrite via Griess reaction. The cartridge was rinsed with water and ethanol(volume fraction is 55%,the same below) ,in turn,then eluted by an eluent containing 50% ethanol and 0.25 M(mol/dm 3 ) H 2 SO 4,and determined at 543 nm with a 2 cm path-length flow cell. Under the optimized experimental conditions,the calibration curve showed a good linearity in the range of 1.4-85.7 nM,and the LOD(3σ) was estimated to be 0.5 nM. The relative standard deviations of 7 measurements were 4.0% and 1.0% for the samples spiked at 7.1 and 28.6 nM,respectively. The recoveries for the different natural water samples were between 92.2%-108.4%. Each HLB cartridge could be reused for at least 50 times. As compared with other SPE methods,the advantages of this method included the free of interference from salinity variation and less sample consuming. The results of the application of the proposed method to natural water showed good agreement with liquid waveguide capillary cell detection method.     

海陆过渡相层序地层特征及其对页岩气储层的影响——以通许隆起中部太原组—山西组为例

通许隆起二叠系发育一套海陆过渡相富有机质泥页岩,是近年来河南省页岩气勘探的重要领域。通过对区内钻井资料、海平面变化曲线、岩芯测试等资料的综合分析,以及对通许隆起中部太原组-山西组页岩气层系开展层序地层的研究,初步分析了层序对页岩气储层发育的影响。可将区内目的层系划分出6个三级层序：SQ1、SQ2、SQ3位于太原组和山西组下部,主要为（灰）黑色泥页岩层序;SQ4、SQ5、SQ6位于山西组,主要为灰色泥页岩层序。其中,SQ1—SQ3中w（TOC）值与脆性矿物质量分数相对较高,泥页岩段w（TOC）值与海平面变化趋势呈正相关,脆性指数与海平面变化呈负相关;泥页岩孔隙度与渗透率,因受后期成岩作用和构造作用影响较大,与层序的相关性较差。综合研究表明,通许隆起中部东南方向SQ1—SQ3的海退体系域早期为页岩气勘探有利层位。     

数字相机畸变差的检测

通过分析数字相机的结构和误差来源,提出对数字相机畸变差检测的严密数学模型,并运用序贯方法解算该数学模型.实验证明采用本方法进行数字相机的畸变差检测简便易行,且通过对实验结果的分析得出一些有参考价值的结论.     

Geostatistical seismic inversion for non‐stationary patterns using direct sequential simulation and co‐simulation

Geostatistical seismic inversion methods are routinely used in reservoir characterisation studies because of their potential to infer the spatial distribution of the petro‐elastic properties of interest (e.g., density, elastic, and acoustic impedance) along with the associated spatial uncertainty. Within the geostatistical seismic inversion framework, the retrieved inverse elastic models are conditioned by a global probability distribution function and a global spatial continuity model as estimated from the available well‐log data for the entire inversion grid. However, the spatial distribution of the real subsurface elastic properties is complex, heterogeneous, and, in many cases, non‐stationary since they directly depend on the subsurface geology, i.e., the spatial distribution of the facies of interest. In these complex geological settings, the application of a single distribution function and a spatial continuity model is not enough to properly model the natural variability of the elastic properties of interest. In this study, we propose a three‐dimensional geostatistical inversion technique that is able to incorporate the reservoir's heterogeneities. This method uses a traditional geostatistical seismic inversion conditioned by local multi‐distribution functions and spatial continuity models under non‐stationary conditions. The procedure of the proposed methodology is based on a zonation criterion along the vertical direction of the reservoir grid. Each zone can be defined by conventional seismic interpretation, with the identification of the main seismic units and significant variations of seismic amplitudes. The proposed method was applied to a highly non‐stationary synthetic seismic dataset with different levels of noise. The results of this work clearly show the advantages of the proposed method against conventional geostatistical seismic inversion procedures. It is important to highlight the impact of this technique in terms of higher convergence between real and inverted reflection seismic data and the more realistic approximation towards the real subsurface geology comparing with traditional techniques.     

鄂尔多斯盆地HJQ地区砂岩型铀矿铀赋存状态研究

砂岩型铀矿床是一种具有重要经济价值的铀矿类型,受到世界各国地质勘探部门的高度关注。通过电子探针、α径迹蚀刻、逐级化学提取等方法的联合应用,对鄂尔多斯盆地HJQ砂岩型铀矿铀的赋存状态进行研究。结果表明,该地区铀矿物以铀石为主,还有极少量的钍铀石和钛铀矿,这些矿物主要是以微粒吸附形式存在(1~5 μm),部分呈较大铀石微粒集合体形式存在的铀矿物颗粒主要存在于黄铁矿、绿泥石、 方解石及有机质的裂隙中,还有少数存在于石英、褐铁矿、云母等矿物的裂隙之中。逐级化学提取实验进一步证实,铀矿物占很大比例,约为50%。分散吸附态的铀约占50%。在分散吸附态的铀中又以黄铁矿和有机质吸附为主,其他矿物吸附的铀在分散吸附的铀中约占5%。     

坐标基准维持与动态监测网数据处理

坐标基准的维持不仅要求有高精度的连续大地测量观测或定期复测,还要求采用合理的数据处理原则与方法。分析了不同平差方法对基准的影响,其中包括经典整体平差、序贯平差和自适应序贯平差。利用GPS监测网数据进行了计算与分析,结果表明,当个别点位发生异常移动或变形时,序贯平差会使坐标基准产生实际的扭曲,而自适应序贯平差则能有效控制异常点位对平差基准的影响,保证了坐标基准的可靠性和现势性。