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331.
S. A. Greenhalgh L. Marescot B. Zhou M. Greenhalgh T. Wiese 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2009,166(4):673-699
In this paper we develop analytic solutions for the electric potential, current density and Fréchet derivatives at any interior
point within a 3-D transversely isotropic medium having a tilted axis of symmetry. The current electrode is assumed to be
on the surface of the Earth and the plane of stratification given arbitrary strike and dip. Profiles can be computed for any
azimuth. The equipotentials exhibit an elliptical pattern and are not orthogonal to the current density vectors, which are
strongly angle dependent. Current density reaches its maximum value in a direction parallel to the longitudinal conductivity
direction. Illustrative examples of the Fréchet derivatives are given for the 2.5-D problem, in which the profile is taken
perpendicular to strike. All three derivatives of the Green’s function with respect to longitudinal conductivity, transverse
resistivity and dip angle of the symmetry axis (dG/dσl, dG/dσt, dG/dθ0) show a strongly asymmetric pattern compared to the isotropic case. The patterns are aligned in the direction of the tilt
angle. Such sensitivity patterns are useful in real-time experimental design as well as in the fast inversion of resistivity
data collected over an anisotropic earth. 相似文献
332.
The in‐plane cyclic behaviour of three types of unreinforced clay masonry was characterized by means of laboratory tests on full‐scale specimens. The masonry walls were assembled with various bonding arrangements (head joints made with mortar pockets, dry head joints with mechanical interlocking, thin‐layer mortar bed joints), which are not yet inserted in seismic codes. Experimental behaviour was modelled with an analytical hysteretic model able to predict lateral load–displacement curves in case of shear failure of the unreinforced walls. According to the experimental results and those of the selected analytical model, parametric study to evaluate the reduction in lateral strength demand produced by non‐linear behaviour in masonry walls, i.e. the load reduction factor was carried out by non‐linear dynamic analyses. The calculated values of the load reduction factor were modest. The differences in values found for the three masonry types, although consistent with them, were not great. This may indicate that, in the ultimate limit state, the type of masonry cannot significantly affect the behaviour of an entire building. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
333.
钢框架结构的非线性静力抗震可靠性分析 II:可靠度指标及其灵敏度 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
将有限元反应及其灵敏度分析与结构可靠度分析的近似解析方法结合起来,可以进行具有隐式功能函数的大型复杂结构的可靠性分析。在基于位移的非线性纤维梁柱单元及其灵敏度直接微分表达式的基础上,通过力学变换、概率变换和反应灵敏度,将结构可靠度计算方法FORM和SORM与有限元方法有机地集成在一起。依据现行抗震设计规范,建立了钢框架结构典型构件承载能力和结构层间变形能力的抗震极限状态方程,利用地震作用的等效随机静力模型,采用非线性有限元静力可靠度方法,对一实际工程结构的抗震可靠度及其灵敏度进行了概率分析和评价,结果表明:尽管在大震作用下该结构的层间弹塑性变形可靠度较高,但是构件极限承载能力的可靠度指标较低,仍然存在失效的可能性。因此,仅验算"小震"作用下结构的承载能力可靠度和"大震"作用下结构的变形能力可靠度是不够的,还需要验算在"中震"和"大震"作用下结构的极限承载能力可靠度。 相似文献
334.
A deterministic method for sensitivity analysis is developed and applied to a mathematical model for the simulation of flow in porous media. The method is based on the singular value decomposition (SVD) of the Jacobian matrix of the model. It is a local approach to sensitivity analysis providing a hierarchical classification of the directions in both the input space and of those in the output space reflecting the degree of sensitiveness of the latter to the former. Its low computational cost, in comparison with that of statistical approaches, allows the study of the variability of the results of the sensitivity analysis due to the variations of the input parameters of the model, and thus it can provide a quality criterion for the validity of more classical probabilistic global approaches. For the example treated here, however, this variability is weak, and deterministic and statistical methods yield similar sensitivity results. 相似文献
335.
Variations in the morphology of a high‐level footpath are characterized using a new approach that relates footpath morphology to six terrain units defined jointly by two contrasting plant communities (U7 grass–heath communities dominated by Nardus stricta and Carex bigelowii, and U10 moss–heath communities dominated by Carex bigelowii and Racomitrium lanuginosum) and by the contrasting textural characteristics of underlying mineral soils developed on schist, granite and quartzite. All six terrain units are characterized by distinct footpath morphologies. The most critical factor affecting footpath morphology is the shear strength of the vegetation mat and underlying root zone. Vegetation mat shear strength was measured using a specially constructed shear rake. On all three lithologies, median shear strengths for U7 communities significantly exceed those for U10 communities, so that pathways on the former are significantly narrower and deeper than those developed on the latter. Adjacent zones of damaged or modified vegetation cover are also wider on U10 communities. The role of mineral soil (regolith) texture and thus underlying lithology in controlling footpath morphology is more complex. For soils with abundant fines, granite soils have lower shearing resistance than schist soils, and are associated with wider footpaths. Footpaths are also wide on clast‐supported quartzite regolith, which has high shearing resistance: pathways are trapezoidal in cross‐section in areas of U7 vegetation cover, but footpaths are very broad and diffuse in areas of U10 cover. Pathway depths are limited by increasing shear and compressive strength with depth. Implications of these findings for further research and management strategies are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
336.
337.
基于SWAT-X模型的抚河流域径流量模拟研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
建立抚河流域的SWAT-X模型,利用其敏感性分析模块分析参数灵敏度,得出4个敏感参数CN2、Gwqmn、rchrg_dp、ESCO;采用沙子岭、南城、廖家湾、娄家村4个水文站1998—2005年月数据进行水文参数率定并评价模型的适应性,结果表明径流模拟值均达到拟合精度(相对误差、相关系数、效率系数),SWAT-X模型适宜于抚河流域的径流量模拟。 相似文献
338.
In this paper, a soil–pile–structure model is tested on a shaking table subject to both a sinusoidal wave and the acceleration time history of the scaled 1940 El Centro earthquake. A medium-size river sand is compacted into a 1.7-m-high laminar rectangular tank to form a loose fill with a relative density of 15%. A single-storey steel structure of 2.54 ton is placed on a concrete pile cap, which is connected to the four end-bearing piles. A very distinct pounding phenomenon between soil and pile is observed; and, the acceleration response of the pile cap can be three times larger than that of the structural response. The pounding is due to the development of a gap separation between soil and pile, and the extraordinary large inertia force suffered at the top of the pile also induces cracking in the pile. To explain this observed phenomenon, nonlinear finite element method (FEM) analyses with a nonlinear gap element have been carried out. The spikes in the acceleration response of the pile cap caused by pounding can be modeled adequately by the FEM analyses. The present results suggest that one of the probable causes of pile damages is due to seismic pounding between the laterally compressed soil and the pile near the pile cap level. 相似文献
339.
340.