Footpath morphology and terrain sensitivity on high plateaux: the Mamore Mountains,Western Highlands of Scotland

Variations in the morphology of a high‐level footpath are characterized using a new approach that relates footpath morphology to six terrain units defined jointly by two contrasting plant communities (U7 grass–heath communities dominated by Nardus stricta and Carex bigelowii, and U10 moss–heath communities dominated by Carex bigelowii and Racomitrium lanuginosum) and by the contrasting textural characteristics of underlying mineral soils developed on schist, granite and quartzite. All six terrain units are characterized by distinct footpath morphologies. The most critical factor affecting footpath morphology is the shear strength of the vegetation mat and underlying root zone. Vegetation mat shear strength was measured using a specially constructed shear rake. On all three lithologies, median shear strengths for U7 communities significantly exceed those for U10 communities, so that pathways on the former are significantly narrower and deeper than those developed on the latter. Adjacent zones of damaged or modified vegetation cover are also wider on U10 communities. The role of mineral soil (regolith) texture and thus underlying lithology in controlling footpath morphology is more complex. For soils with abundant fines, granite soils have lower shearing resistance than schist soils, and are associated with wider footpaths. Footpaths are also wide on clast‐supported quartzite regolith, which has high shearing resistance: pathways are trapezoidal in cross‐section in areas of U7 vegetation cover, but footpaths are very broad and diffuse in areas of U10 cover. Pathway depths are limited by increasing shear and compressive strength with depth. Implications of these findings for further research and management strategies are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于FCM算法的粗糙集理论在边坡稳定性影响因素敏感性分析中的应用

结合粗糙集理论与模糊C-均值（FCM）算法,提出一种边坡稳定性影响因素敏感性分析新方法。将边坡稳定性影响因素敏感性分析问题转化为粗糙集理论中的属性重要性评价问题,采用FCM算法离散连续属性数据,给出敏感性分析的具体算法。以圆弧型破坏边坡为例,对影响边坡稳定性的单因素与多因素敏感性进行分析,证明了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于SWAT-X模型的抚河流域径流量模拟研究

建立抚河流域的SWAT-X模型,利用其敏感性分析模块分析参数灵敏度,得出4个敏感参数CN2、Gwqmn、rchrg_dp、ESCO;采用沙子岭、南城、廖家湾、娄家村4个水文站1998—2005年月数据进行水文参数率定并评价模型的适应性,结果表明径流模拟值均达到拟合精度(相对误差、相关系数、效率系数),SWAT-X模型适宜于抚河流域的径流量模拟。     

测井声波时差反演重构技术研究及应用

利用测井声波时差、自然电位和伽玛重构声波时差,分析了以上3种曲线结果对地质体响应方面的机制差异,给出了这些曲线的深度相对移动校正的方法。研究了多条测井曲线去噪的协方差矩阵特征向量滤波方法。在此基础上,利用小波多尺度分解技术进行声波时差曲线重构。在分析这3种测井曲线不同尺度小波分解结果的信号和噪音特点后,利用相邻分解尺度相关滤波技术,对各种曲线的小尺度(高频)分解结果进行滤波处理。为保证重构声波曲线的真实性,深入分析了多曲线、多尺度分解结果的冗余性(相关性)问题;利用特征值技术,对高频多尺度分解分量进行了非相关(正交)分析,最后实现了声波时差曲线的重构,并对重构结果与钻井岩心录井资料进行了对比验证,重构后的声波曲线在区分砂、泥岩性分辨率方面具有明显的提高     

Nonlinear seismic soil–pile–structure interactions: Shaking table tests and FEM analyses

In this paper, a soil–pile–structure model is tested on a shaking table subject to both a sinusoidal wave and the acceleration time history of the scaled 1940 El Centro earthquake. A medium-size river sand is compacted into a 1.7-m-high laminar rectangular tank to form a loose fill with a relative density of 15%. A single-storey steel structure of 2.54 ton is placed on a concrete pile cap, which is connected to the four end-bearing piles. A very distinct pounding phenomenon between soil and pile is observed; and, the acceleration response of the pile cap can be three times larger than that of the structural response. The pounding is due to the development of a gap separation between soil and pile, and the extraordinary large inertia force suffered at the top of the pile also induces cracking in the pile. To explain this observed phenomenon, nonlinear finite element method (FEM) analyses with a nonlinear gap element have been carried out. The spikes in the acceleration response of the pile cap caused by pounding can be modeled adequately by the FEM analyses. The present results suggest that one of the probable causes of pile damages is due to seismic pounding between the laterally compressed soil and the pile near the pile cap level.     

动态灵敏度标定及其在震级确定中的应用

地震仪系统的灵敏度是计算地震震级的重要参数之一。由于获得灵敏度数值的方法比较复杂,且会对地震台网的正常运行造成一定程度的影响,因此本文通过地震台网每13的脉冲标定及时掌握地震仪系统灵敏度的变化情况。本文讨论了对于EDAS-24B数采,当A／D转换因子Kad由高（低）档位变到低（高）档位时,这种变化对震级的影响大约为＋0．3级。     

基于ANSYS的灵敏度分析及其在单层网壳中的应用

基于实验数据的灵敏度分析是一种可靠有效的分析方法,详细阐述了ANSYS中基于实验数据的灵敏度分析基本原理,为基于ANSYS的结构灵敏度分析提供参考;应用ANSYS对一个Schwedler型单层球面网壳进行了灵敏度分析,得出了几种结构响应对于杆件的灵敏度值,将不同位置的杆件对于几种结构响应的影响程度进行了量化,可为该类型单层网壳的设计及响应控制提供参考,通过对计算结果的分析验证了基于实验数据灵敏度分析的高效性和可靠性.     

基于WBS-RBS的地铁基坑故障树风险识别与分析

针对地铁基坑工程环境复杂、影响因素多的特点,提出以故障树分析为基础结合工作分解结构（WBS）-风险分解结构（WBS）进行风险识别的方法。此方法引入WBS-RBS将地铁基坑工程工作分解结构和风险源分解结构耦合判断并说明相应风险因素或风险事件,并按照故障树建树原则根据彼此间的逻辑关系,用逻辑门连接上下层事件,形成地铁基坑工程主要故障树。在此基础上,对风险因素进行敏感性分析并提出相应的预防措施。     

建筑垃圾填埋场沉降计算中模型参数灵敏度分析

建筑垃圾土的变形机理复杂,它不同于传统意义上的土体。通过大量的非线性有限元计算,找到了双屈服面模型中影响建筑垃圾填埋场沉降的主要参数,并给出了各参数与沉降之间的定性关系,为建筑垃圾填埋场沉降计算和参数灵敏度分析奠定了基础。     

抽水引致的地面沉降的参数敏感性分析

目前对地面沉降的研究和计算中,由于地质情况复杂、土体的变异性不容易掌握,对于土体参数的选取多数是根据经验值,具有不确定性。特别是在大面积的地面沉降计算中,这种不确定性更为严重。采用数值分析法,以Biot固结理论为基础,应用有限元软件Adina,建立了单井抽水的地面沉降模型,分析各参数在抽水过程中对地面沉降的影响,从而确定敏感参数,以期对地面沉降研究中的参数选取提供有价值的指导。